Translate

Showing posts with label Nuba history and culture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nuba history and culture. Show all posts

Thursday, February 16, 2017

The Cultural Meanings Of "Nubian Queen" And "Nubian Princess" In The USA & In Parts Of Africa

Edited by Azizi Powell

Latest Revision - July 6, 2023

This is Part I of a pancocojams series on the terms "Nubian queen" & "Nubian princess", and "African queen".

This post provides information about the historical/geographical meanings of the terms "Nubian" and "Nubian queen" and the contemporary cultural meanings of the terms "Nubian queen" and "Nubian princess".

Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2017/02/african-queen-nubian-queen-as-title-of.html for Part II of this series. Part II showcases three contemporary African songs with the title "African Queen" or "Nubian queen".

The content of this post is presented for etymological, historical, and cultural purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post.
-snip-
Update: April 12, 2019: Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2019/04/why-young-woman-in-now-iconic-april.html for a 2018 pancocojams post entitled "Why The Young Woman In The Now Iconic April 2019 Sudanese Protest Photo Is Being Called A "Nubian Queen".
-snip-
That post presents information about the meaning of the referent "Nubian queen" as it pertains to women from historical Nubia (Kush) and includes information about the use of that term as a referent for Sudanese women protesting the presidency of Omar Al-Bashir. Al-Bashir was eventually ousted on April 11, 2019 after a thirty year long presidency.

****
THE HISTORICAL/GEOGRAPHICAL MEANINGS OF THE TERM "NUBIAN" AND "NUBIAN QUEEN"
In its historical/geographical context, "Nubian queen" means a queen of a Nubian kingdom. 

Here are two article excerpts about the historical/geographical meaning of this term:

Article Excerpt #1:
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia
"Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. It was one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa, with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward (through Nubian monuments and artifacts, as well as written records from Egypt and Rome), and was home to one of the African empires. There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate, resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century, and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956.

The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people, nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë. The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, ancestral to Old Nubian. Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD. Before the 4th century, and throughout classical antiquity, Nubia was known as Kush, or, in Classical Greek usage, included under the name Ethiopia (Aithiopia)....

The influx of Arabs and Nubians to Egypt and Sudan had contributed to the suppression of the Nubian identity following the collapse of the last Nubian kingdom around 1504. A major part of the modern Nubian population became totally Arabized and some claimed to be Arabs (Jaa'leen – the majority of Northern Sudanese – and some Donglawes in Sudan).[40] A vast majority of the Nubian population is currently Muslim, and the Arabic language is their main medium of communication in addition to their indigenous old Nubian language. The unique characteristic of Nubian is shown in their culture (dress, dances, traditions, and music)."

****
Article Excerpt #2
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush
"The Kingdom of Kush or Kush (/kʊʃ, kʌʃ/) was an ancient Nubian kingdom situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan.

The Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, and it was centered at Napata in its early phase. After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite emperors ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by the Assyrians under the rule of Esarhaddon.

During Classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Aethiopia. By the 1st century AD, the Kushite capital had been captured by the Beja Dynasty, who tried to revive the empire. The Kushite kingdom with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The Kushite capital was eventually captured and burnt to the ground by the Kingdom of Axum.

Name
The native name of the Kingdom was recorded in Egyptian as k3š, likely pronounced /kuɫuʃ/ or /kuʔuʃ/ in Middle Egyptian when the term is first used for Nubia, based on the New Kingdom-era Akkadian transliteration as the genitive kūsi.[2][3][4]

It is also an ethnic term for the native population who initiated the kingdom of Kush. The term is also displayed in the names of Kushite persons,[5] such as King Kashta (a transcription of k3š-t3 "(one from) the land of Kush"). Geographically, Kush referred to the region south of the first cataract in general. Kush also was the home of the rulers of the 25th dynasty.[6]

The name Kush, since at least the time of Josephus, has been connected with the biblical character Cush, in the Hebrew Bible (Hebrew: כוש), son of Ham (Genesis 10:6). Ham had four sons named: Cush, Put, Canaan and Mizraim (Hebrew name for Egypt). The Bible specifically refers to Cush as a Benjamite (Psalms 7:1, KJV).[7] According to The Bible, Nimrod, a son of Cush, was the founder and king of Babylon, Erech, Akkad and Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10).[8]...

Geography
Nubia was divided into two major regions: Upper and Lower Nubia, so called because of their location in the Nile river valley, the 'lower' being further downstream than the 'upper'. Lower Nubia lay between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile river, spreading into modern southern Egypt and northern Sudan, while Upper Nubia extended between the Second and Sixth Cataracts, in modern central Sudan."...
-snip-
Note that "Kush" is just one historical example of a Nubian empire. Another Nubian empire (among others referenced in the source given as Article Excerpt #1) is Meroe.

***
Article #3:
From https://www.reference.com/history/nubian-queen-faa5e71a415e6b4b
"What is a Nubian queen?

...A Nubian queen is a female ruler of the kingdom of Nubia, located along the Nile in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. In modern times, it is also used to describe a woman with African heritage.

Although Nubia is located in what is now southern Egypt and northern Sudan, it was once a part of northeastern Africa. Its history and culture dates back to around 3800 B.C. at which time the region was referred to as the Kush kingdom.

Around 1100 B.C., Egypt invaded and ruled the Nubian region. When the Nubian people regained control of their kingdom, they were ruled by Nubian royalty. Nubian queens include Queen Abar and Queen Qalhata, the wife and daughter, respectively, of King Piye. Candace of Meroe is one of the most notable queens of Nubia."...

****
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "NUBIAN" PEOPLE/CULTURES AND "NUBA" PEOPLE/CULTURES
From http://www.occasionalwitness.com/content/nuba/01History01.htm [retrieved 2/14/2017]
"There are Nuba and there are Nubians and this is cause for great confusion. The Nuba are the different peoples living in the Nuba Mountains in Southern Kordofan [Sudan].

The Nubians today are a people who live along the Nile at the border between Egypt and Sudan. Many of them were relocated when the Nasser Dam was built. The Nubians are considered to be descendants of the great Nubian Kingdoms of Kush; Meroe; Nobatia; Makuria (Dongola) or Alodia (Alwa)."
-snip-
This excerpt is reformatted for this post.
Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2017/02/article-excerpts-about-nuba-sudan-seven.html for more excerpts from that article and for additional information about and videos of the Nuba people of Sudan.

****
THE AFRICAN AMERICAN USE OF THE TERMS "NUBIAN QUEEN" AND "NUBIAN PRINCESS"
Since at least the late 1960s, among  African Americans and some other (westernized Black people), “Nubian queen” and “Nubian princess” are complimentary terms that refer to attractive Black women, and sometimes especially dark skin attractive Black women.“

African Americans’-and particularly afrocentric African Americans’- use of the terms “Nubian queen” and “Nubian princess” is derived from the homage that African Americans in the late 1960s and 1970s gave to historical Egypt and historical Ethiopia in general and to the ancient Nubian kingdoms of Kush and Meroe in particular.

By at least 2013 (as several of the comments below document), light skinned women with some black African ancestry as well as women from certain other populations of color could also be referred to "Nubian queens" and "Nubian princesses".

Here are some definitions for and comments about the African American usage of the term "Nubian queen":
Comment #1
From https://www.reference.com/history/nubian-queen-faa5e71a415e6b4b
"What is a Nubian queen?
A Nubian queen is a female ruler of the kingdom of Nubia, located along the Nile in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. In modern times, it is also used to describe a woman with African heritage...

Some African-American women are referred to as Nubian queens with the intention of showing pride in their African heritage."...

****
Comment #2
From http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=nubian%20queen
TOP DEFINITION [retrieved Feb 13, 2017]
"Nubian Queen
A woman with African heritage. A Nubian Queen (A Black Woman) is a woman who usually has a dark skin complexion and thick kinky or coily hair. A Nubian Queen is a woman that comes in a variety of shapes and sizes which can range from slim/slender to thick/curvy.

Nubian Queens are also very intelligent and don't all shake their butts to rap music. Most want an education and a good well paying job.

Also, it should be noted that Nubian Queens do not like to be praised because of their figure i.e. full hips or buttocks, but because of their willingness to survive despite the great obstacles that might be in their way.

Nubian Queens are also very creative and wear their hair in a variety of beautiful and exotic hair styles. Nubian Queens are also talented and make great spouses. Nubian Queens also make good mothers and have been known to hold a household together with or without a man.

Overall, Nubian Queens are beautiful. The media has reduce them to nothing but booty walking around, but Nubian Queens are more than that. Nubian Queens are friends, lovers, and the mothers of civilization.
An Incredibly, Beautiful and Abundantly Melanined Black Woman that seems to be the envy of lots of women of color.

1. Damn!: "Philomena Kwao", "Leila Lopes", "Aeriél Miranda", "Genevieve Nnaji", "Nadia Buari", "Fatima Siad", "Pearl Thusi", "Yvonne Nelson", "Lupita Nyong'o", "Liya Kebede", "Gugu Mbatha-Raw", "Deepika Padukone", "Jessica Sula", "Isha Sesay", "Nathalie Emmanuel", "Jourdan Dunn", "Lenora Crichlow", "Alexandra Burke", "Thandie Newton", "Jessica Lucas", "Gabrielle Union", "Elle Varner", "Angela Highsmith", "Meagan Good", "Zendaya Coleman", "Kerry Washington", "Beyonce Knowles", "Janelle Monae", "Lauren London", "Denise Vasi", "Halle Berry", "Kelly Rowland", "Alexis Jordan", "Yaya DaCosta", "Rihanna Fenty", "Kat Graham", "Toccara Jones", "Tomiko Fraser", "Jocelyn Dumas", "Arlenis Sosa", "Goapele", "Chavoy Gordon", and "Damaris Lewi" are all Nubian Queens; and all the other women of color want to replicate those Nubian Queens.
#nubian princess #black woman #black women #sista #congoid #black"
by Nubian Queen/Black Women Lover June 10, 2014
-snip-
Note that although the respondent writes that "A Nubian Queen (A Black Woman) is a woman who usually has a dark skin complexion and thick kinky or coily hair", some of the celebrities who he or she named as "Nubian queens" are light skinned Black women who are racially mixed. Among those women are "Thandie Newton", "Zendaya Coleman", Beyonce Knowles, "Halle Berry", and "Alicia Keys".

Referring to light skinned Black women as "Nubian queens" is a significant expansion of the earlier African American definition of "Nubian queen" which exclusively or usually restricted that referent to an attractive Black women with dark skin color.

****
Comment #3
In African American culture "Nubian princess" is a somewhat later extension of "Nubian queen".

The 1999 American comedy/crime movie Go includes this exchange between a man who looks White but called himself "the n word" and was challenged about that by another character. Note that the character describes his "Nubian princess" ancestor as being very dark skinned.

[Warning: This excerpt includes what is commonly known as "the n word" and certain "curse" words. In keeping with this blog's policy, I don't use the fully spellings for those terms.]

From http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139239/quotes
"Go! tells the story of the events after a drug deal, told from three different points of view. Comedy, Crime | 9 April 1999 (USA)

...Tiny: ... I'm just trying to make conversation. Fu&k! Come on, why don't you give a ni&&er a break?

Marcus: [Marcus turns around in the car seat again] "Ni&&er"? What n&&&er?

[touches his own chest]
Marcus: THIS nI&&&&r?

Tiny: Yo, I told you, my mother's mother's mother were black!

Marcus: Your mother's mother's mother, fu&k - this ain't "Roots", mutha... Man, I wanna see a picture of this Nubian princess.

[angry cross-talk]

Marcus: If you were any less black, you would be clear.

Tiny: That bi&ch was black as night!

Singh: Okay! Stop! Truce!

Tiny: But I see black. Because I know I am. Color's a state of mind, Marcus!

Marcus: You know what, you right. Thank you, Rhythm Nation.
[And the laughter and insults continue...]
-snip-
"This ain't "Roots" refers to the Alex Haley book and movie.

"Rhythm Nation" is used here as a derisive nickname for a person of a Black person. That "nickname" almost certainly is derived from the 1989 album and song "Rhythm Nation" by R&B singer Janet Jackson.

****
Comment #4
Lyric excerpt to Nuba X song "Nubian Queen"..from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBepqCoLPkI, Nuba TV Uploaded on Aug 24, 2007
...You my Nubian queen
The most beautiful thang
The whole wide world
has ever seen

Chocolate texture
Skin silky smooth
A feast for the eyes
that awake Nuba’s groove

The way you walk
As though you gliding through tha air
The way you talk to me
with tender lovin’ care

And your smile…
Ooh those luscious lips
Hypnotize…
The sexy way you sway ya hips…

Oh my Nubian queen
My Nubian queen
My Nubian queen”...
-snip-
Nuba X is African American from Chicago, Illinois.

This is my partial transcription of this Hip Hop song. Additions & corrections are welcome.

****
Comment #5
From http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Nubian%20Princess
"Nubian Princess
A gorgeous, sexy, black woman with an utterly perfect figure.
Nubian Princess Halle Berry
#nubian #princess #black #sexy #awesome
by dude1970 February 25, 2013"

**
Comment #6
Nubian Princess
A gorgeous, sexy, light-skinned black and filipino woman with a perfect face and body.
Damn Jamaica Munoz is the definition of Nubian Princess.
#nubian. princess #jamaica. jamaica munoz #light skinned #black and filipino #filanegro #blackapino #sexy #hi glen
by Jamakes October 20, 2014"
-snip-
"Nubian princess" may also refer to a female with some Black African descent or from certain other populations of color who are younger than Nubian queens.

****
'AFRICAN QUEEN" IN THE UNITED STATES AS A SYNONYM FOR 'NUBIAN QUEEN" AND "NUBIAN PRINCESS"
Some contemporary (1960s to date) Black Americans also use the referent "African queen" as a synonym for "Nubian queen". As is the case with the later usage of "Nubian queen", "African queen" has also been used by Black Americans (including African Americans)to mean any female with some black African descent, regardless of her skin color.

****
THE USE OF "NUBIAN QUEEN" AND "NUBIAN PRINCESS" IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA
The terms "Nubian queen" and "Nubian princess" appear to be used by some contemporary (2000 to date) Africans as a general referents for Black women, and particularly young, attractive Black women.

It's my position that the contemporary African use of "Nubian queen" and "Nubian princess" was lifted from African Americans' use of these terms.

Example #1
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTmDfsaVMo8
"Nubian Queen/snippet by Naija Rockkstar Omo Akin, Dec 7, 2009 [Nigeria]
Nubian Queen download link: http://www.mediafire.com/?y62mrozqno4...
[comments]
bebhigero, 2010
"i am a nubian princess..........im blowing my whistle.... love it love perfect summer jam"

**
majah tunder Shango, 2012
"big up all my african ladies and big up the artist on this track naija rockstar big omo akin one love i sent a vid response to ur vid wid same name nubian queen wud b good to do the 2 tracks as one listen and get back to me"
-snip-
This video is featured in Part II of this pancocojams post.

****
Example #2:
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZFV0vkjgMk
video title: "Nubian Queen", Uploaded on Dec 19, 2006 [Ugandan song]
[comment]
brownsugar202, 2008
"oh goddddddddd...am nubian and diffenatley nubian gurlz dunt look like dat at alllllllll..."
-snip-
This video is featured in Part II of this pancocojams post.

****
Example #3
From http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2017/02/congolese-vocalist-koffi-olomide.html Koffi Olomide – Effrakata [from the Democratic Republic of the Congo]
comment: Gospicnic, 2013
"Gosh, Patience Ibe used to be the hottest Nubian Queen under the African sun"

****
Example #4
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUzEWwlcgxw Nubian Queens of Africa
MrChatbout FiveEyes.TV Uploaded on Jun 3, 2011
Nubian Queens - photographic art taken in various African countries.
[comment]
Anna bella, 2013
"These are not actual Nubians from Egypt or Sudan."

****
Example #5
From http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2015/09/congolese-vocalist-mbilia-bel-boyaye.html Mbilia Bel - Boyayé
comment from Africanmusictv [ AMTV ], 2015
"Mbilia Bel, the Queen of African Soul. Nubian Beauty from Congo. I will NEVER get tired of your sweet voice. I miss my African Queen. One Love Congo!!!"

****
This concludes Part I of this series.

Visit Part II of this pancocojams series for more comments and examples of the contemporary African uses of the terms "African queen" and "Nubian queen".

Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome
.

Five Cultural Videos of Sudan's Nuba Moros

Edited by Azizi Powell

This pancocojams post provides some general information about the Nuba Moro ethnic group of Sudan and showcases five YouTube cutual videos of the Nuba Moro.

The content of this post is presented for folkloric, cultural, and aesthetic purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are featured in these videos and quoted in this post. Thanks also to the publishers of these videos on YouTube.

****
ARTICLE EXCERPTS ABOUT THE NUBA MORO PEOPLE
These excerpts are given in no particular order. I've numbered them for referencing purposes only.

Article Excerpt #1:
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Nuba_people
The Moro Nuba are a sub-ethnic group of the Nuba peoples in the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state, in southern Sudan. Many members of this ethnicity are Christians. The population of this ethnicity possibly does not exceed 100,000.

The Moro Nuba speak Moro language of the Kordofanian languages group, in the major Niger–Congo language family."....

****
Article Excerpt #2
From http://moro.ucsd.edu/, Moro Language Project, 2007
"Moro is a Kordofanian language spoken in the Nuba Mountain region of Sudan. Little linguistic work on the Kordofanian family has been undertaken. It remains one of the most poorly described language groups in Africa. This situation is partly due to the remoteness of the mountainous location, but also to civil war in Sudan.

The exact number of Moro speakers both within the traditional Moro-speaking area and elsewhere is not clear. Moro was reported to have 30,000 speakers in 1982, prior to the second Sudanese civil war. Although the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement recognized minority languages and offered new hope for stability, peace in Sudan is fragile. As of July 2011, as South Sudan became an independent nation, the Nuba people are once again embroiled in war....

There are over twenty Kordofanian languages, which together form one of the main branches of the Niger-Congo phylum. Existing literature on Kordofanian is sparse. The only previous grammar of Moro (Black & Black 1971) is a useful overview of the language, but does not recognize tone and describes a different dialect than Thetogovela. Population movement and the current development of a standard form by the Moro Language Committee in Khartoum may contribute to dialect shifting, making our research all the more urgent."...

****
Article Excerpt #3
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_Mountains [retrieved Feb. 15, 2017 but may contain outdated information]
"The Nuba Mountains, also referred to as the Nuba Hills (Arabic: جبال النوبة‎‎), is an area located in South Kordofan, Sudan. The area is home to a group of indigenous ethnic groups known collectively as the Nuba peoples. In the 18th century, the Nuba Mountains became home to the kingdom of Taqali that controlled the hills of the mountains until their defeat by Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad. After the Mahdi's defeat by the British, Taqali was restored as a client state. Infiltration of the Messiria tribe of Baggara Arabs has been influential in modern conflicts....

The region stayed under the control of the central government and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement did not give the Nuba Mountains the right to join South Sudan in its vote for independence in 2011. Residents of the Nuba Mountains were required to hold ill-defined "popular consultations" to determine their future.[2][3] Not only the Nuba Mountains but the whole of South Kordofan state would be eligible to vote, essentially to accommodate the Messiria.[4] Additionally, the Sudanese government maintained heavy military presence in the region and even prospective "popular consultations" were seen likely to be barred.[4] The ambiguous situation and fears of future communal violence invoked concerns that South Kordofan could be the "next Darfur".[5][6][7]

As of June 2011, South Kordofan's governor Ahmed Haroun had suspended the process of popular consultations and conflict between Sudan People's Armed Forces and Nuba fighters of the SPLM-N followed[8] (see Sudan–SPLM-N conflict (2011))....

The international community, including a number of celebrities such as actor George Clooney[9] and reporter Nicholas Kristof,[10] have recently [2015] travelled to the Nuba Mountains and documented the continued genocidal activities of the Bashir government. It should be noted that President Bashir is an indicted war criminal at the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a result of the genocidal activities of Sudan in Darfur. Human Rights Watch says that cluster bombs are used in the region.[11]

The ongoing war continues as the international community continues to debate a resolution to the issue of the Nuba Mountains.[12]"...
-snip-
Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2017/02/article-excerpts-about-nuba-sudan-seven.html for more article excerpts about and videos of Nuba people.

****
SHOWCASE VIDEOS
Example #1:Nuba Moro traditional dance 03 in Sudan



yaskori Uploaded on Sep 13, 2009

****
Example #2: Video3 - Part 3



TheNubaMoro Uploaded on Mar 15, 2010

****
Example #3: Nuba Moro Wresting



Lawrence Molczyk, Uploaded on Dec 14, 2010

****
Example #4: nuba moro dancing



arkto albet Uploaded on Aug 29, 2011


****
Example #5: Nuba Moro Church



Yohanna Jarry, Published on Dec 21, 2013

****
Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome.

Wednesday, February 15, 2017

Article Excerpts About Nuba (Sudan) & Seven Videos Of Nuba Music & Dance

Edited by Azizi Powell

This pancocojams post features excerpts from three online articles about the Nuba people of Sudan, North Africa.

This post also showcases seven videos of Nuba singing and dancing, with special attention to traditional Nuba singing and dancing. Of course, this is only a very small sample of YouTube videos of Nuba people.

The content of this post is presented for historical, educational, cultural, and aesthetic purposes.

I’m particularly interested in the traditional clothing, jewelry, musical instruments, singing, and dancing that are shown in these videos.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are featured in these videos and quoted in this post. Thanks also to the publishers of these videos on YouTube.

****
ARTICLE EXCERPTS ABOUT THE NUBA PEOPLE
These excerpts are given in no particular order. I've numbered them for referencing purposes only.

Article Excerpt #1:
From http://www.occasionalwitness.com/content/nuba/01History01.htm [retrieved 2/14/2017]
"Introduction

The Nuba are a group of peoples who share a common geography in Sudan’s Southern Kordofan Province, known as Jibal al-Nuba or Nuba Mountains. The origins of most Nuba peoples are obscure, but there is no doubt that they are Africans. They arrived to the area from various directions and in the course of thousands of years. Today there are over fifty Nuba tribes, who speak as many different languages. Traditionally the Nuba are farmers, but they are now employed in all segments of society. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, labour migrants have formed large Nuba communities in the large cities of North Sudan, like El Obeid, Khartoum and Port Sudan. Their combined number is estimated at 2.5 million people.

Until the Egyptian occupation of Sudan during the nineteenth century, most Nuba tribes lived relatively isolated. Contiguous events that shaped their history are the short but extremely violent rule of the Mahdi and his successor, and colonial rule by the British. Sudan took its independence in 1956 and since the 1960s the Nuba have been at odds with their successive National Governments. From 1987 to 2001, the Nuba Mountains were a battle zone in Sudan's larger civil war between the Government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army.

A cease fire in the Nuba Mountains eventually led to a comprehensive peace agreement reached in 2004. This CPA included the Nuba Mountains but proved inadequate to solve the differences between the parties. Just weeks before the secession of South Sudan, in 2011, fighting broke out in Kadugli, escalating into another long violent conflict that takes a heavy toll on the civilian population.

The following brief history aims to provide a broad perspective on the history of the Nuba. I have drawn from many different sources, and consulted scientists considered to be expert in their field for the more remote history. For the period of 1970 - 2005, I have relied largely on interviews with Nuba who were closely involved in the developments leading to the war in the Nuba Mountains and eventually the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2004. The most recent developments are mainly a summary of news articles and reports.

I. The name Nuba

For centuries, the geographical area where the Nuba tribes live has been known as Dar Nuba: the land of the Nuba. The Tegali Kingdom (a truly Nuba kingdom indeed) was known on its own accord, as were several individual hills, but to the Arab people living around the area, the people of the Mountains were all Nuba. The Europeans, relying on the Arabs for information, used the same name.

Until very recently the Nuba people themselves would rather use their tribal name and many didn’t really consider themselves to be Nuba. In the words of Yousif Kuwa Mekki:

It is one of the funniest things: when you were in the Nuba Mountains, you just knew your own tribe. We for example were Miri. So if we were asked: "Who are the Nuba?" we would try to say: "The other tribes - but not us." Only when we came out of the Nuba Mountains, to the north or south or west, we learned that we are all Nuba.1

Please note the word ‘try’ here: linguist and anthropologist A.C. Stevenson noticed that:
Some of the more educated are also shy of applying the term to themselves, they tend to reserve it for those they think of as rustic hill-dwellers: for them ‘Nuba’ is the reverse of a status symbol.2

An old theory supposes a relationship between the word ‘Nuba’ and the Archaic Egyption nbw [nebu], meaning ‘gold’. In ancient times the land south of Egypt produced a lot of gold and so the people were gold diggers; or the ‘land of gold’ would be called Nubia (which it wasn’t) and its people Nuba… Brief: lot’s of charming nonsense.3 And then there is A.J. Arkell’s expalantion:
The name of the Nuba apparently comes, like so many other tribal names in the Sudan (Berti, Berta, Burgu, etc-) from a word in their own language which means 'slaves'.4

Surely there is a connection: the Nuba were harassed by slave raiders for many centuries and to the Arabs ‘Nuba’ became nearly synonymous with ‘slave’. But since Arkell doesn’t mention in which of the many Nuba languages their name means ‘slave’, there is little we can say about his theory, except quoting anthropologist S.F. Nadel:
I will not attempt to trace the origin of this name or to speculate on its original meaning. Suffice to say that in none of the groups which I have studied is the term Nuba indigenous […]5

II. Kingdoms on the Nile
1. Nubia
There are Nuba and there are Nubians and this is cause for great confusion. The Nuba are the different peoples living in the Nuba Mountains in Southern Kordofan. The Nubians today are a people who live along the Nile at the border between Egypt and Sudan. Many of them were relocated when the Nasser Dam was built. The Nubians are considered to be descendants of the great Nubian Kingdoms of Kush; Meroe; Nobatia; Makuria (Dongola) or Alodia (Alwa).

2. The Nuba enter history
Erastothenes (276 to 194 BC) is the first known author to mention a tribe called Nubae. We don’t have the original text, but Strabo was speaking on Erastothenes’ authority when he said:

[…] the parts on the left side of the course of the Nile, in Libya, are inhabited by Nubae, a large tribe, who, beginning at Meroë, extend as far as the bends of the river, and are not subject to the Aethiopians but are divided into several separate kingdoms.8

Erasthotenes is working his way downstream along the Nile, so he means that the Nubae lived between Meroe and Dongola.. It’s important that he makes a clear distinction between the Aethiopians and the Nubae."...
-snip-
The italics and ellipses (...) were found in this article.

****
Article Excerpt #2
From https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/land-alienation-and-genocide-nuba-mountains-sudan Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine
LAND ALIENATION AND GENOCIDE IN THE NUBA MOUNTAINS, SUDAN, Publication Date: December 1998
..."Who Are The Nuba Peoples?
The Nuba claim that they are the indigenous inhabitants of the Nuba Mountains region which occupies the central part of South Kordofan Province, Kordofan State (or Region prior to 1991) in Sudan. According to the 1955 population census, the Nuba represent about 6% (572,935) of the total population of the Sudan. With a growth rate of 2% to 2.8% per annum, modest estimates and population simulation results put the total number of the Nuba today at approximately 1.615 million. (These figures are consistent with a proportion of 5-6% of the total population of the Sudan-about 30 million -- as published by the government in 1993.) Although the Nuba represent about 70% of the total population in the Nuba Mountains, they constitute a political minority due to their social and economic marginalization.

The Nuba are indeed the indigenous peoples of the Nuba Mountains; they have the strongest ties to their lands and have lived in this region since or before colonization. The Nuba are now dominated by other groups with markedly different cultures. Like other indigenous peoples, the Nuba were not incorporated into Sudanese's mainstream political culture. Furthermore, the Nuba do not accept Islam as their religious ideology or `Arabism' as their racial ideology. These two notions of exclusion are often used by the state to justify the oppression and appropriation of Nuba lands and natural resources.

Like other indigenous societies, Nuba culture is diverse -- ethnically, culturally, religiously (animists, Muslims, and Christians), politically (with various ethnic and cultural affiliations) and economically. Although the Nuba have marked linguistic and cultural differences among themselves, they use their collective name, `Nuba' to distinguish themselves from the Baggara and Jellaba. The Baggara and Jellaba are Arabic-speaking Muslims who migrated to the Nuba Mountains, in several waves since the turn of the 17th century, for slave raiding and trade. There is also a large number of Fellata (West Africans) who migrated to the Nuba Mountains in search for work as agricultural laborers in the cotton fields during the 1920s and as a result of subsequent droughts in the West African Sahel. There were continuous waves of migration from central Sudan to the Nuba Mountains and hence, many eastern Nuba have converted to Islam....

The call for jihad against the Nuba for their land and natural resources has been propagated by the National Islamic Front (NIF) and the government in the Sudan. There is no reason to believe that the jihad in the Nuba Mountains is waged merely for converting Nuba to Islam -- as many think -- since many Muslim Nuba have been killed and Nuba mosques have been destroyed.”...

****
Article Excerpt #3
From https://www.irinnews.org/feature/2015/08/03/nuba-prisoners-geography, Nuba= Prisoners Of Geography, 3 August 2015
Nuba reports With additional reporting by Rachel Harvey and Andrew Gully [retrieved Feb 14, 2017]
"FROM OPPRESSION TO ERADICATION

The Nuba, numbering between one and two million, are a collection of distinct peoples of black African origin who speak an array of different languages. Many are now Muslim, but there are Christian and animist Nuba too.

Along with a few Arab pastoralist tribes, they have the geographical misfortune of living on the fault line between Sudan’s largely Arab and Islamic north and its predominantly Christian, animist and black African south.

The origins of their oppression date back to the colonial era when the British segregated them, declaring the Nuba Mountains region a special “Closed District.” The Nuba were not allowed to stray northwards without a special permit and schooling was left up to missionaries.

When Sudan emerged from British rule in 1956, the Nuba were already politically, economically and socially marginalised and lacked any educational system. The next 30 years, much of it taken up by the First Sudanese Civil War, saw the gulf widen as successive regimes in Khartoum pursued policies of racial discrimination against the Nuba and other black northerners.

When the Second Sudanese Civil War erupted in 1983, the alternative message of equality and inclusion of the southern Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and its charismatic commander-in-chief John Garang resonated with Nuba leaders. By 1987, an alliance had formed. Garang took the fight north through the central state of South Kordofan. The Nuba Mountains became a key rebel stronghold.

After seizing power as a brigadier in a military coup in June 1989, Bashir began presiding over an increasingly hardline Islamist state. The Nuba were made to pay an extraordinarily high price for their resistance...

On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the world’s youngest nation. From afar, there was a sense of optimism and some jubilation, hope certainly that the history of war might be replaced by a brighter narrative. But even as the world applauded, bombs were once again falling on the people of the Nuba Mountains and the conflict that still grips South Kordofan today was well under way.

South Kordofan had been under the governorship since 2009 of Bashir’s trusted lieutenant Ahmed Haroun – like him indicted by the International Criminal Court for allegedly orchestrating atrocities in Darfur. As promised consultations on greater autonomy failed to materialise, so discontentment grew. When the delayed gubernatorial election was eventually held in May 2011 and Haroun beat ex-SPLA commander Abdulaziz al-Hilu by just 6,000 votes, the former rebels cried foul.

The touch paper was lit when the 20,000 SPLA fighters remaining in the north were asked to disarm in advance of South Sudan’s independence. They refused.

On 5 June 2011, South Kordofan was at war once again.

... By 2013, Bashir had deployed between 40,000 and 70,000 troops to South Kordofan, according to the ICG report. Local Arab tribes, the Misseriya, were coopted again by Khartoum to fight their black African rivals.

WORSENING HUMANITARIAN SITUATION

Since April 2012, almost 4,000 bombs have landed on civilian areas in South Kordofan, an average of between three and four every day. Out of the 4,577 recorded fatalities between June 2011 and May 2015, almost 500 were unarmed civilians, according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)….
The result is that the Nuba Mountains region, more accurately described as a large area of hills, is effectively under constant siege.

When the fighting is fiercest, some try to escape. At the start of this year, more than 500 people were fleeing from the Nuba Mountains every week to refugee camps in South Sudan. This is hardly a safe haven though, as a civil war is raging in South Sudan and Sudanese jets are accused of regular bombing raids there too….
Facing what they see as a renewed threat to their existence, those joining the Nuba rebel ranks are quite clear about what is at stake.

"You  want to ask me why I fight?”  Thayr Urwa Hamdan Said, a new rebel recruit, exclaimed. 

“After the separation of the South, Omar al-Bashir  said that Sudan is now an Islamic Arab country that would be governed by Islamic sharia laws.” 

"They have to recognise and bear in mind that there are other people living with them in this geographical area called Sudan," he told IRIN.  "That is why if we do not overthrow this government we would be second-class citizens in our own country.”...
-snip-
Click https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia for general information about the Nubia. If I correctly understand what I've read in that article and in the quote that I repeated below, "Nuba people" and "Nubian people" aren't the same populations.

****
SHOWCASE VIDEOS
Pancocojams Editor's Note:
I've used the term "Nuba music and dance" instead of "Nubian music and dance" as that is the term that appears to be used in these video titles and summaries. Is "Nubian" not an acceptable referent for people from Sudan’s Southern Kordofan Province (Read this comment from the Article Excerpt #1: "There are Nuba and there are Nubians and this is cause for great confusion".

More information about the videos that are embedded in this post would be greatly appreciated.

Example #1: Nuba Dance and Celebration



Lawrence Molczyk Uploaded on Feb 19, 2009

Members of the Nuba Mountain Community in Sudan celebrate with traditional music and dance.

****
Example #2: nuba dance



kappykayo, Uploaded on Dec 30, 2009

Nuba mountains Bukhsa dance ( people of bleanya )

****
Example #3: The koalib kireng dance



nubakoalib, Uploaded on Sep 16, 2010


This is the dance of the Nuba koalib and it is shared by many nuba people. Koalib has more than six different dances. But This one is called kireng. enjoy it
-snip-
Here's a comment from this video's discussion thread:
Nuba Mountain, 2011
"wel;come to kirang times. The dance which cuts across the Nuba societies, loke at that beauty of the girls, by nature Nuba girls should not gover up their bodies so that their beauty can be seen while dancing, but Nuba welcome decent dressing but atleast Thop or a veil will not make a good dancer with kireng how do you, they must dress in Congolese or Nuba traditional dresses do we have one?"

****
Example #4: Nuba Block Party in Khartoum, Sudan 3/8/11



Bob Ferguson Uploaded on Mar 29, 2011

Traditional Nuba dancing and music.

****
Example #5: Nuba country music, Nuba folk music



nubapeoples Published on Aug 27, 2012

Collected on a visit to Khartoum by Ahmed Rahhal, the Nuba people though living under harsh conditions caused by mass displacement, they are trying with defiance and self confidence to turn their new home into Nuba atmosphere by putting up a spactacular show of Nuba culture. This demonstrates clearly that Nuba Culture and heritage is part of their life and so is their homeland the Nuba Mountains
-snip-
Here's a comment from this video's discussion thread:
Nuba Dingo, 2015
"So good to see my melanated people expressing life thorough music and dance. What a joy to behold!"

****
Example #6: 2012 Band Uttar mountains - Khartoum in January 2012



Ahmed Rahal, Published on Apr 9, 2013
-snip-
This is the same performance event as the 2012 video Nuba country dance given above

****
تراث جبال النوبة - كيسا دمبا - قبيلة كادقلى Nuba Culture



Sallam Tutu, Published on Jan 25, 2013
-snip-
Google translate gives the following Arabic to English translation for the title:
"Heritage Nuba Mountains - a bag Demba - Kadugli tribe"

****
Thank you for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome.