Why Swahili Terms Are Used For The African American Originated Holiday "Kwanzaa"

Edited by Azizi Powell

This post provides information about the African American originated holiday "Kwanzaa" and specifically explores why that holiday uses terms from the Swahili language.

The content of this post is presented for cultural and sociological purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks also to all those who are featured in these post, and thanks to the publishers of these examples on YouTube.

Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2012/12/teddy-pendergrass-happy-kwanzaa-video.html for a related pancocojams post "Teddy Pendergrass - Happy Kwanzaa (video & lyrics)"

Also click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-history-meaning-of-red-black-and.html
for another related pancocojams post "The History & Meaning Of The Red, Black, And Green Flag".

Thanks to Maulana Karenga for creating the Kwanzaa holiday. Thanks also to all those who are quoted in this post.

****
OVERVIEW
Although KiSwahili (commonly referred to as "Swahili") terms are central to the holiday "Kwanzaa", that holiday did not originate in Africa. Kwanzaa wasn't created in the United States by descendants of Swahili speaking East Africans. Few Africans in Africa know about the Kwanzaa holiday, and few African Americans actually celebrate this holiday which was created by Maulana Ron Karenga in 1966 to foster in African Americans' pride in our African heritage.

Swahili terms are central to the Kwanzaa holiday because its Black cultural nationalist creator was a proponent of the pan-Africanists' viewpoint that Swahili should be the language which unites all Africans and all people of the African Diaspora.

Here's information about pan-Africanism from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism:
"Pan-Africanism is an ideology and movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide.[1] It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[2] The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".[3]
-snip-
Notice that red, black, and green are the colors of the pan-African flag. Red, black, and green are also the colors of the official flag for a number of African nations, and those colors are also found in the flag used to represent African Americans. Three of the candles for the Kwanzaa holiday are red, three are green, and the central candle which is used to light the other candles is the color black.
-end of quote-
By "Black cultural nationalist" I mean a person who is interested in African cultures. I distinguish that term from "Black nationalist" - a person who is interested in establishing separate nations for Black people. That said, a Black cultural nationalist can be a Black nationalist. For the record, Since 1967, I was and still am a Black cultural nationalist. However, I've never been a Black nationalist. I don't know if that is true for Maulana Karenga.

****
EXCERPTS FROM ARTICLES ABOUT THE SWAHILI LANGUAGE, PAN-AFRICANISM, AND THE KWANZAA HOLIDAY
Note: These excerpts are given in no particular order. I've assigned numbers to the articles excerpted for referencing purposes only.

Excerpt #1:
From http://www.livinglanguage.com/blog/2015/12/15/kwanzaa-an-american-holiday-with-a-swahili-voice/
Did you know that the word “Kwanzaa” is Swahili? And did you know that Kwanzaa is not, in fact, an African holiday, but an American one?

The celebration of Kwanzaa was begun in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga as a way for African-Americans to celebrate their heritage. It draws from the socio-political nature of the Ujamaa (socialist) ideals established by the first president of Tanzania, Julias Nyerere, and thus it uses Swahili words for its holiday lexicon. The word Kwanzaa itself means first, as in the first harvest. Kwanzaa is celebrated from December 26th through January 1st, and the days of Kwanzaa are named using Swahili words to explain the seven core principles of the holiday: Umoja (Unity), Kujichagulia (Self-Determination, [literally, to appoint]), Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility [lit., communalism]), Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics [lit., socialism]), Nia (Purpose, [lit., interest]), Kuumba (Creativity), and Imani (Faith). These seven principles comprise Kawaida (tradition), and are intended to communicate and celebrate the best principles of African heritage. The Swahili phrase Habari gani? (How are you doing? [lit., What’s the news?]) is used by celebrants as a greeting each day of the week of Kwanzaa."...

****
Excerpt #2:
From http://harvardpolitics.com/books-arts/swahili-language-influence/ April 20, 2015
"A Language of Their Own: Swahili and Its Influences" by Olivia Herrington
..."When the Kenyan government adopted Swahili as its official language in 1970, it lauded the language for being more African than was English, the previous choice for the government and people’s affairs. As The New York Times reported then, “the governing council of the Kenya African National Union, the ruling party, decided that the widespread use of English language smacked of neo-colonialism, or at least was un-African.”

Or so it was said. But Swahili itself appears to be, at least somewhat, “un-African.” Jomo Kenyatta, president at the time, seemingly chose to overlook Swahili’s foreign influences. The language was born from the interactions between dwellers of the East African coast and traders from the Middle East. Those traders spread its vocabulary as they rode their ivory and slave caravans farther inland, reaching the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west and Uganda in the north. Indeed, the very name “Swahili” stems from the Arabic for “of the coast,” sawahili. The language also incorporates pieces of English, German, Portuguese, and other tongues belonging to the merchants and colonizers who permeated the region. Yet, curiously, Swahili has come to represent pride in post-colonial identity.


...Tanzanians accept the language’s significance more completely than Kenyans and cherish it more ardently. Their relationship with their chosen tongue began at the birth of the country itself, in 1964. From the start, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania’s first president, promoted Ujamaa, a nationalist and pan-Africanist ideology that revolved around reliance on Swahili instead of on European languages. Though Tanzanian citizens possess tribal affiliations and typically speak a tribal language in addition to Swahili, they value their allegiance to their country. This priority is rare in Africa, a continent of people whose first loyalty belongs more commonly to their tribe. That general preference is unsurprising: many country borders were drawn by European colonial powers, rulers who disregarded or intentionally opposed grouping Africans according to tribal and linguistic affiliations. Tanzanians, though, feel unified—a credit to the strength of Nyerere’s vision.

...Similarly, some African-Americans have praised the language’s authentic value, an affiliation that Dr. Maulana Karenga, the American founder of the holiday Kwanzaa and a leader of US Organization, supports wholeheartedly. “We wanted to escape Western tradition and tribalism, both. Swahili is not a tribal language—it represents a collective effort and our group does too,” he told a Life magazine reporter in 1968. As the Black Power movement gained strength in the late 1960s, the language became for the movement’s members a symbol of meaningful black identity. The timing was excellently coordinated: just as East Africans themselves were accepting Swahili as both tool and emblem of nationalism, US was offering it a place in America—extending the significance to the swelling Black nationalism in which the organization was engaged.

...Even beyond the tradition of Arab slave traders’ using Swahili, it was true the link between the language and African-American heritage was tenuous. Most African Americans’ ancestors came from the west coast of Africa, where Swahili is not spoken. John McWhorter, linguist and associate professor at Columbia University, has argued for the Ghanaian language Twi as a more suitable option. But Swahili felt to Karenga like an appropriate language for pan-African unity. It became Kwanzaa’s established language, providing the holiday with the roots of its name and the words for its seven principles. Karenga’s preference fit well with Nyerere’s."...
-snip-
I added italics to those sentences to highlight them.

****
Excerpt #3
From discussion thread for video: "Black People Learn About Kwanzaa" https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=bEwxZuShUn4
Matthew Boyce, December 20, 2015
Wikipedia says: Maulana Karenga created Kwanzaa in 1965 as the first specifically African-American holiday. According to Karenga, the name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning "first fruits of the harvest". The choice of Swahili, an East African language, reflects its status as a symbol of Pan-Africanism, especially in the 1960s, although most of the Atlantic slave trade that brought African people to America originated in West Africa.

Kwanzaa is a celebration that has its roots in the black nationalist movement of the 1960s, and was established as a means to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study of African traditions and Nguzo Saba, the "seven principles of African Heritage" which Karenga said "is a communitarian African philosophy".

During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said that it was meant to be an "oppositional alternative" to Christmas.However, as Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents, Karenga altered his position so that practicing Christians would not be alienated, then stating in the 1997 Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community, and Culture, "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."

Many African Americans who celebrate Kwanzaa do so in addition to observing Christmas."

**
Nicole ATCQFAN, December 24, 2015
"Kwanzaa is a fair attempt at getting African-Americans to reattain some kind of African culture that was taken from them. My main issue with the holiday is that it isn't inclusive of all or at least several cultures in Africa. Kwanzaa's major concepts are pretty representative of many African cultures but the nuances like language is not. The creator of the holiday used Kiswahili terms, which is odd in my opinion. This language is actually a creole that emerged from the Swahili people of East Africa who have Bantu and Arabic blood. Today, many non-Swahili East Africans like my family speak it today. I would imagine more focus on the cultures that emerged off the West coast of Africa since many African-Americans (not all), have roots there.*

Fortunately, I'm in a situation where I know where I am from and can trace back my ancestral home/spiritual practices so I Kwanzaa isn't something I partake in. But I feel like it's important for Blacks in North America to have a sense of what their heritage could be like by practicing traditions that their ancestors could have partake in..."
-snip-
*I think that Nicole ATCQFAN meant was "I would imagine [that instead of using Swahili, there should have been] more focus on the cultures that emerged off the West coast of Africa..."
-snip-
I should also note that several commenters wrote that the people in the video didn't use the correct pronunciation for the Swahili words. Also, a few commenters noted that "kwanza" is the name of the currency in the nation of Angola which is located in South Central Africa.
The words in brackets are my addition to her sentence.

****
RELATED LINK
Click http://www.nairaland.com/406297/kiswahili-should-made-official-African "Kiswahili Should Be Made The Official African Language - Culture - Nairaland" [2010]
Most of the bloggers on that forum are from Nigeria.

****
EDITOR'S COMMENT
Other examples of the use of Swahili terms among Black cultural nationalists in the late 1960s are the use of the rallying calls "Uhuru!" = "freedom" and "Harambee" = "all pull together".

The Swahili words "Imani" (faith) and "Nia" (purpose)-terms for two of the days of Kwanzaa- have become relatively common African Americans female names. Also, I believe that more Swahili proper names have been given to African Americans who aren't descended from Swahili speaking Africans than names from another other African culture, although there are probably more African Americans with Arabic names than Swahili names). I believe that this is because in the 1960s and prior to the internet African Americans had little information about Africa, but somewhat more information about Arabic and Swahili names than about names from any other African culture. In large part this was due to 1960s Black cultural nationalists' adoption of that language over Twi, Yoruba, Igbo, Wolof, and other West African languages.

****
Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome.

Happy Holidays!

Examples Of Black Civil Rights Chants, Black Power Chants, & Black Protest Chants

Edited by Azizi Powell

[Latest Update: December 15, 2018. I've changed the title for this post- The previous title was "Examples of Black Civil Rights Chants and Black Power Chants". I also added more content under the 1990s sub-section.]

This pancocojams post provides examples of Black (African American) civil rights chants and Black (African American) nationalist chants for the 1960s.

Some Black protest chants from the 1990s and 2000s are also included in this post.

This post is part of an ongoing pancocojams series on protest chants. Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2012/03/chanting-at-trayvon-martin-march-rally.html and http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2014/01/more-protest-chants-from-north.html for two other posts in this series.

The content of this post is presented for historical and cultural purposes.

Thanks to all those who have worked and those who are now working for equality and justice for all.

****
LIST OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CHANTS
I compiled this list for this Mudcat discussion thread that I started in September 2007: http://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=104999 "African American Protest Slogans & Songs".

Read that discussion thread for my explanations of most of these chants. That Mudcat thread also includes comments about African American civil rights/protest songs and chants, including my thoughts and others' thoughts about why group singing is no longer a part of African American protest marches any more.

These chants are presented by decades.

Mid 1960s

"Freedom Now!"

**
Caller- "What do we want?"
Group Response- "Freedom!"
Caller- "When do we want it?"
Group Response- "Now!"

**
Late 1960s/ 1970s
"Black Power!

**
Caller-"Say it loud!"
Group Response- "I'm Black And I'm Proud"

**
Caller-"Ungawa"
Response- "Black Powa"
-snip-
"Ungawa" ("umgawa") is a word that was created for Tarzan movies as a way for Tarzan to communicate with animals and with Black "natives". The word could mean anything the screen writers wanted it to.*

Source:
Transcript from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkRtsJtWVEU

Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2011/12/sources-of-movie-bigs-rap-shimmy-shimmy.html to read that my transcription of that video.

In the late 1960s & early 1970s, afro-centric African Americans took hold of that word and included it in a rhyme that both celebrated Black power and dared White people to challenge them for that pride. A common verse in those rhymes was "Ungawa!"/"Black power!" or "Ungawa/"We got the power" (with "power" in both examples pronounced like "po-wah").


"*This is a correction of what I wrote in the Mudcat discussion thread whose link is given above.

**
"Free The Panthers!

**
Caller- "What time is it?"
Group response- ["It's] "Nation Time"
-snip-
This was a Black cultural nationalist chant. This chant and many of the other Black power chants that I've listed here from my memory were chanted at cultural programs and not protests. They were chanted by members of the Newark, New Jersey Black cultural nationalist group that was led by Amiri Baraka (Le Roi Jones). The "nation" refers to furthering African American Black community ties, institutions, and businesses, and not to creating a separate Black nation within the territory of the United States or elsewhere. However, some Black nationalist did have that goal.

1970s
"Power To The People!"

1980s

I'm not sure what Black power or Black civil rights slogans were chanted during the 1980s.

The saying "Don't believe The hype" comes to mind. That saying comes from a late 1980s? recording by the rap group Public Enemy. Maybe this counts as a protest chant. I'm not sure.

1990s

"No justice, No peace"
-snip-
The first use of this slogan that I've been able to identify was in late 1992/ early 1993 in demonstrations regarding the death of Malice Green.
From http://www.larrynevers.com/nojustice.htm
quoting an editorial written by Jimmy Smith on the LETP (Law Enforcement Trainer's Page) www.lawenforcement-trainer.com
"The demonstrations in Detroit [Michigan] after the [Malice] Green incident, and the chants of "No Justice No Peace," rang out on every T.V. network in the nation. Anytime any human being dies, it is indeed a sad event. When that death occurs under circumstances such as was the case here, then of course it should be investigated to the fullest extent. That investigation should not be influenced by or for political considerations. Impartiality must by present, to protect all involved. The officers, the victim and indeed, the community."
-snip-
Quoting from the Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice_Green
"Malice Green was a resident of Detroit, Michigan who died while in police custody after being arrested by Detroit police officers Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers on November 5, 1992 during a traffic stop. Both officers were later convicted for Green's death...The incident occurred only months after the Los Angeles riots of 1992, which protested the acquittal of police officers in the video-taped beating of Rodney King."

****
[Added Decembe 15, 2018]
"Whose streets? Our streets!"*
-snip-
*hat tip to Me Me (December 15, 2018) for reminding me about this chant.

Here's an excerpt from an article about this chant:
From https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/19/us/whose-streets-our-streets-chant-trnd/index.html How the iconic 'Whose streets? Our streets!' chant has been co-opted"
By AJ Willingham, CNN; Updated 9:26 AM ET, Wed September 20, 2017
"As peaceful protests gave way to violence in St. Louis over the weekend, a group of police officers were heard repeating a familiar chant.

Whose streets? Our streets! Whose streets? Our streets!

[...]

The phrase has been used by LGBTQ activists, immigration activists, and most pertinently, black activists at intense junctions of racial tension.

While its history stretches back decades, the chant has experienced a groundswell in the last few years as more and more people took to protesting police violence, racial inequality and other injustices.
"From the time I was photographing demonstrations in the early '90s, that was a chant that was pretty much ongoing," said Meg Handler, a photographer who also was a co-curator of the "Whose Streets?" exhibition. It was used in labor demonstrations and at rallies for reproductive rights and advocacy for AIDS victims, she said.

To say it is a "Black Lives Matter" chant isn't wrong. The group is definitely associated with the phrase and it's central to many of their messages.

It was heard in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014 after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown, and was so crystallized during those protests that it inspired the title of a documentary about the community's reaction to Brown's death.

It appeared again that year in New York City after the killing of Eric Garner. It was heard in Washington on President Trump's Inauguration Day and the day after at women's marches around the world.

[...]

But lately the chant has made its way to groups on the other side of the sociopolitical spectrum. It was barked by white nationalists as they marched, tiki torches in hand and Nazi regalia on display, down the streets of Charlottesville, Virginia, last month. A Vice documentary on the Charlottesville protests features ample footage of the chant.

"It's never, to my knowledge, been tied to a single social movement," said Carroll, the historian. "That's why it makes it possible to be appropriated by a counter movement."
It's unclear whether the St. Louis officers who chanted it were doing so to mock protesters or appropriating it for their own message.
CNN has reached out to the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department for comment but hasn't heard back.

Sunday night's unrest was prompted by the acquittal of a former St. Louis police officer who was charged with first-degree murder after shooting and killing Anthony Lamar Smith, a black man, in 2011."...

****
JENA SIX CHANTS (2007)
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_Six
"The Jena Six were six black teenagers convicted in the beating of Justin Barker, a white student at Jena High School in Jena, Louisiana, on December 4, 2006. Barker was injured in the assault by the members of the Jena Six, and received treatment for his injuries at an emergency room. While the case was pending, it was often cited by some media commentators as an example of racial injustice in the United States, due to a belief that the defendants had initially been charged with too-serious offenses and had been treated unfairly...

The Jena Six case sparked protests by those viewing the arrests and subsequent charges, initially attempted second-degree murder (though later reduced), as excessive and racially discriminatory. The protesters asserted that white Jena youths involved in other incidents were treated leniently. On September 20, 2007, between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena in what was described as the "largest civil rights demonstration in years".[2][3] Related protests were held in other US cities on the same day.[4] Subsequent reactions included songs alluding to the Jena Six, a considerable number of editorials and opinion columns, and Congressional hearings."
-snip-
These are the slogans that reporters indicated the Jena 6 marchers chanted or that I noticed on photographs and videos were written on signs carried by the marchers or were written on their tee shirts from the Jena Six marches {In Louisiana and elsewhere} on September 21, 2007:

"Free Jena 6" or "Free The Jena 6" [These were by far the most widely used slogans.]

**
"No Justice. No Peace" [This slogan was next in prominence to "Free Jena Six"]

**
"No justice no peace no racist police"

**
"Blacks Protests N'Justice"
-snip-
"N'Justice = injustice

**
"They stood for us now we stand for them.
Free Jena 6"

**
"non-violence or non-existence"

****
ADDITIONAL CHANTS
From African American Protest Slogans & Songs
From: Neil D
Date: 11 Oct 07 - 12:03 AM

...I spent some time at work today reading through the interesting thread that you started regarding African American slogan and songs. I thought about posting a chant we used to do at May 4th memorials at Kent State in the '70's: Two, Four, Six, Eight, Remember Kent and Jackson State. The May 4th coalition always made a point of including a contingent from Jackson State to memorialize the much less publicized, but just as tragic, killing of African American students at Jackson State when police fired indescriminantly into a dormitory. This event happened just a few weeks after the Kent State shootings, but never drew the attention of the media like the white students at Kent State. Thus, the chant...."

****
From African American Protest Slogans & Songs
From: Azizi
Date: 25 Mar 12 - 07:50 AM
[summarized] A documented chant from the Million Hoodies march (as per Internet articles) was - "Whose street?/ Our streets."
-snip-
From http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/million-hoodie-march-takes-union-square-protest-trayvon-martin-murder-article-1.1048522

'Million Hoodie' march takes Union Square in protest of Trayvon Martin's fatal shooting

The demonstrators burst into a chant of “Justice for Trayvon!” as slain Florida teen's parents joined protest
BY Edgar Sandoval , Helen Kennedy / NEW YORK DAILY NEWS ; Wednesday, March 21, 2012, 8:41 PM
-snip-
A link to one of three pancocojams posts about chants that were used in Trayvon Martin marches is given above.

****
Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome.