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Showing posts with label African traditional languages. Show all posts
Showing posts with label African traditional languages. Show all posts

Monday, September 19, 2022

"O" At The End Of Sentences In Yoruba, Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin English & Various Other African Languages (Online Comments)

Edited by Azizi Powell

This is Part II of a two part pancocojams series on "o" at the end of sentences invarious African langauges. 

This post presents selected YouTube discussion thread comments that are examples of "o" at the end of sentences in various African languages. 

Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2022/09/o-at-end-of-sentences-in-yoruba-igbo.html  for Part I of this pancocojams series. That post presents several online excerpts about "o" at the end of sentences in Yoruba, Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin English and various other African languages.

The content of this post is presented for historical, linguistic, cultural, and educational purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post.

****
SELECTED COMMENTS FROM YOUTUBE DISCUSSION THREADS 
These comments are given in no particular order and are numbered for referencing purposes only.

These comments are given without any explanatory notes/definitions or background information. Read Part I for some information about various types of African Pidgin English.

EXCERPT #1
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrqYiKM0o4Y Nigerian Pidgin VS Cameroonian Pidgin Challenge by LuvMattaz TV,  Nov 23, 2017 
1. TherisingofSaran, 2018
"
I'm confused ohh😂   I was about to say the cameroonean lady is speaking Sierra leonean pigin  english (Krio).  Are you sure she's not mistaking sierra leone for Cameroon?lmao😂😂😂"

**
2. 
African Child, 2018
"
Chasseu Clarisse I notice us Cameroonians don't pronounce our words fully in pidgin. For example I've been to all sorts/kind of palm wine houses= a don waka oh kana kana matango hows dem.

Sis ah don dey see you foh all camer video dem ohhh. A be see ya comment foh "sweet mother" music video.

**
3. lovinna alasa, 2018
"🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣am so loving this cameroon pidgin is funny oooooo 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣 my 9ja Pple I love una die our pidgin is the best"

**
4. Gaelle Patricia, 2018
"Representing Cameroon here ooh"...

**
5. 
Julie M, 2018
"
Cameroon 🇨🇲 ooooooo"

**
6. 
Favour Lizzy, 2018
"
Nigeria is the best ooooo"

**
7. 
BIN B, 2019 "Your Pidgin is English o. The nearest authentic pidgin English to Cemeroon is from Sierra Leone"

**
8. 
Stella Albrektsen, 2019
"
Na true ma broda e no really represent we well ei for really broke am down well but not for mboko level ooohh else no man nogo understand dat one....... Ei no really use dat wah Camair words dem fine massa"

**
9. 
Armelle Kegne, 2020
"I'm a French Cameroonians and I try to improve my level in English oooohh.

Na big palaba !"

**
10. 
Noela Tabah, 2020
"OMG how can you allow Nigeria to win. I have subscribed oh. It was fun oh

**
11. Meshi tasi delphine Delphine, 2021
"Cameroon pidgin is the best ooooo"

**
12. claire kometa, 2021
"We dey fineoooooooooooooo"

****
EXCERPT #2
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=C_XkTKoDI18 Yemi Alade - Johnny, published by Yemi Alade, March 3, 2014
1. AusMa _ , June 2015
"Can anyone please write what the guy is saying at the beginning ? I picked up some of it but not everything, thanks"

**
Reply
2. soulblade007, June 2015
"+AusMa _ "My People una welldone O, welcome to another special edition of we don catch am"

 Greetings my people, welcome to another special edition of we have caught it.”…

**
3. Tee Olatunde, 2019
"Yesss Yemii ooo😂😂🙏, they danced the French version of this song in my school in Montreal and they danced it well but as a Nigerian I expected more power in their dance 🇳🇬😂. Love this song"

**
EXCERPT #3
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6yx4dqOPZM 🇬🇭Gh Top Hits 2021 Afrobeats/Hiplife Mix By Dj Zamani 👑| Vol 6|(KuamiEugene,Sarkodie,,Kidi,Shatta)🇬🇭, published by DJ ZAMANI, May 3, 2021
1. 
mickey mick, 2022
"Hrrr ur mix deir masa nuh be here ooooZamani 🔥

If u can get across all music platforms"

****
EXCERPT #4
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgDB0US8Vac Sierra Leone Krio🇸🇱 Vs Nigerian Pidgin🇳🇬, Allthings Tanya, May 7, 2019 
1. 
Obincl K, 2021
"Babe, you do well ooo. You try well well."

****
EXCERPT #5
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz4sTGlEXPk Chidinma - Kedike (VIO Africa), published by vioafrica Network, Feb 5, 2012
1. Rebecca Ogungbola, 2020
"Miz kedike take it easy oooooooooooo,gud voice and nice combination of dress nt like d person wear purple with purple background.Kedike u too take it easy oooo"

****
EXCERPT #6
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFmZKO35SfQ  Olamide - Bobo (Official Video), published by Olamide Baddosneh, May 7, 2015
1. david anderson, 2018
"olamide nice see u again 4 december ooooo."

****
EXCERPT #7
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQx2O6tDwuE Nigerian Pidgin English Part 1 (with my son ), CubsDen, May 23, 2020 [Pancocojams Editor's Note: This is that vlog's summary: "Here, I share 14 common Nigerian pidgin English phrases. My son will be assisting with pronouncing and guessing what they mean. Which one stood out the most for you? Lets know in the comment section"]

1. ExtraStepsCeo, 2020
"@Cubsden u no go kill person with this ya video.  I just dey roll, your pikin don use American accent injure pidgin for us o. Kudos to him sha, na papa born am."

**
2. Debby Tom, 2020
"He is speaking our pidgin with American Accent 😆😆,that pepper rested sounded strange to me oh,I come reason am,come remember sey some people dey speak am sha,I don comot! Last last Your son try sha"

**
3. GloBrandy, 2020
"When he got num seven,he said am a genius😆 but wait oh my boy,oga genius watin concern  num nine hammer with walk,ok na true cos the guy move is really a sign🤣,ok oh like seriously num eleven have a good night rest wow you are a darling🤣. Abeg CUBSDEN  don't use those words at home oh,u can't coma coma spoil my boy accent ooo. I was actually feeling one kind today but this episode just make me feel energetic,thanks mama and my genius."

****
EXCERPT #8
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QCB9kUEuR8 
6Team-EYEN O.mp4, published by Uddy Samuel, Oc. 6, 2012
1. Ekemini Eyoh
"Finally I found this song! Thumbs up guys. Mbok aba mo o???"
-snip-
I'm going to make an exception here to my note that I wouldn't include any explanations.

According to Google translate, "Mbok aba mo o?" is Yoruba for "Maybe I know you?"

Also, notice that the title of this song "Eyen O" is an example of a song that ends with an 'o'. 

Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2022/08/nigerian-song-eyen-o-by-6team-2012.html  for a pancocojams post about this song. 

****
EXCERPT #9
From 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8PnpPyQ8yo Mommy Dolarz gives up the Rap battle🙆🏻‍♀️ Invites big ivy to Nigeria🤯😱, published by UNCUT WITH UJU, August 13, 2022
1. 
shittu abidemi, 2022
"Say no to Studio we want stage Rap ooo Mama Dollar give her Option let them Rap on stage Either Ghana or Nigeria"

**
2. Zion, 2022
"
Mama dollarz quiters never win and winners never quit,

You loose fight ooo"

**
3. 
Sulley Bagna, 2022
"Mama naira don run away oooooh 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣"

****
EXCERPT #10
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbxDGJ-Zg70 
HILARIOUS: Nigeria's Best Pidgin Proverbs !, BattaBox, March 3, 2015
1. 
Nwa Eze Nwachukwu, 2016
"e get as e be o"


**
2. TruthIsBitter, 2015
"This your interviewer don dey fine small small oo.. :)"

**
Reply
3. BattaBox, 2015
"Lol  @fuji4real  yes o, no be small fineness."

**
4. Hak Ola, 2015
"anything wey go up must come down depend how far up it went o and at what speed it went"

****
EXCERPT #11
From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lZu-6NWZbo NIGERIA PIDGIN ENGLISH VS GHANA PIDGIN ENGLISH II Accent + Language Challenge, published by Chilo talks,April 10, 2021

1. Elvis Offor, 2021
"Chioma your swag here added enough spice. I don laf tire 🤣🤣🤣You too much Jare ✊✊

Na we get am 🇳🇬🇳🇬

Btw "I trust you" = I get faith for you o 😃"

**
Reply
2. Chilo talks,2021
"Na so e suppose be na...omo pidgin without attitude no be am o 😂🤣"

**
3. JAPA WITH DEEWON, 2021
"Omoh, I enjoyed this.

Naija pidgin all the way.

Wetin be: 'What dey wrong you?', hahahahaha"

**
Reply
4. Chilo talks, 2021
"My boss himself 🤣🤣🤣... anywhere wey Dem call us we must rep as always na 😁😁. Omo, I find Ghana pidgin funny too o 🤣"

**
5. Lizo D, 2022
"Chilo...

I like your vibe for here ooo!!! 😁😁"

**
6. dafe ebuoh, 2021
"🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬 Nigeria all the way jor...Tule chilo, Tule Nigeria

U too much. Area scatter with Stefan. He try buh make e pay for tuition for ur pidgin 🤭

That "go away" na 'gerrat na' 😂😂😂"

**
Reply
7. Chilo talks, 2021
"Help me tell am oo 😂😂... Something wey em go humble himself make I teach am, he begin wan challenge me 🤣🤣🤣"

**
8. Chidubem Amanda Osuji, 2021
"I trust you well in Naija pidgin can be, I sabi you wella oo"

**
Reply
9. Chilo talks, 2021
"Wooow....that's true o. How come it slipped my mind 😂😂"

**
10. Lizo D, 2022
"English: i am going to Esther's house

Pisgin : Ah dey reach Esta house o..."

**
11. EKENE J ONYENIBEJI, 2022
"I love Chilos vibe mehn and I've never heard Ghanian pidgin it's interesting but I just feel like adding a few things or maybe a little more than a few

I trust you in WARRI pidgin is "I know say you no go fall my hand or I sha know you no go fall my hand"

Meaning what, do you think I have money to waste?- say watin? Na my papa be president?

I am angry- I de vex or my body de hot or my body De pepper me

Wow- MAD oooo

She can sing very well- Omo! That babe Sabi sing die

Why do you want to ruin my mood?- come, why you wan pour sand for my garri or why you wan use your reaga spoil my booz

Who farted that smells like spoilt beans- who con mess wey de smell like beans wey don sawer (sour)

You're really pretty- Omo! See as you set ( this is used when the girl is bountifully endowed not just a pretty face) or Omo! See as you fine ( can be used for both scenerios)

That man is wicked - Kai! That man no get joy o  or that man sha no get joy

I don't want trouble - I no want wahala

Leave me alone please - guy abeg free me na

Don't mess with her - no try am o she be no go area

I want to sleep - I wan crash

Please can you help me with a little money so I can get by - abeg you fit help me with small tin make I take hold body

I know this is a lot but Chilo inspired me, if you think I'm off somewhere please let me know🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬🇳🇬"

**** 
This concludes Part II of this pancocojams series.

Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome. 

Sunday, January 12, 2020

The Traditional Use Of The Exclamation "Yè" In Nigeria And The Use Of Similar Words In Other Parts Of Africa & The Caribbean

Edited by Azizi Powell

This is Part III of a three part pancocojams series about the 2018 Burna Boy song "Ye".

Part III presents comments about the traditional exclamation "ye" and similar exclamations that are found in West Africa, elsewhere in Africa, and in the Caribbean. These selected comments are from a sub-thread of the discussion thread for the official YouTube video of Burna Boy's song "Ye".

The Addendum to this post presents information about the word "ye" from http://naijalingo.com.

Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2020/01/nigerian-afrobeat-singer-burna-boy-ye.html for Part I of this pancocojams series. Part I presents information about Nigerian Afrobeat singer, songwriter Burna Boy and showcases a YouTube video of his hit 2018 song "Ye".

Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2020/01/what-burna-boys-song-ye-is-really-about.html for Part II of this series. Part II presents selected comments about the meaning of Burna Boy's song "Ye" from the discussion thread for the official YouTube video of that song.

The content of this post is presented for cultural and linguistic purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to Burna Boy for his musical legacy. Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post and thanks to Burna Boy for publishing this video on YouTube.

****
PANCOCOJAMS EDITOR'S NOTE
This pancocojams post presents an excerpt from a sub-thread for the YouTube discussion thread of the official video for Nigerian singer, songwriter Burna Boy's 2018 hit entitled "Ye". The word "ye" is the title and refrain for that song. Although the word "Ye" is pronounced like the English words "yeah" and "yay", it doesn't mean "yes".

This pancocojams post focuses on traditional meanings for the exclamation "Ye" and similarly spelled and used exclamations.

Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2020/01/some-contemporary-vernacular-meanings.html for a pancocojams post entitled "Some Contemporary Vernacular Meanings For The Word "Ye" (thanks to Kanye West & Osh)"

I also plan to publish a pancocojams post that presents comments about Nigerian Pidgin English and Jamaican Patois. That post will have the tag "Nigerian Pidgin English" and "Jamaican Patois".

****
SELECTED COMMENTS ABOUT THE WORD "YE" IN "BURNA BOY'S SONG WITH THAT TITLE
(from the discussion thread of that song's official YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPe09eE6Xio)

I've added numbers to these comments for referencing purposes only.

1. IAmATanker TheTankerIsMe, 2018
"For all those that are not familiar “Ye” is an exclamation Nigerians do when they are surprised, excited, shocked or scared. Normally with this action as demonstrated in the emoji 🙆🏾‍♀‍"

**
REPLY
2. Miss Krystal63, 2018
"IAmATanker TheTankerIsMe thanks for the information because I really didn’t, now if I could hear it being use on a sentence would be great"

**
REPLY
3. May Show, 2018
"@Miss Krystal63 Ye! They have increased my rent."

**
REPLY
4. yanos95, 2018
"Not only for Nigerian....we use it in our carribeean islands too. Big up!"

**
REPLY
5. Esther Nimoh, 2018
"In Ghana too 🇬🇭"

**
REPLY
6. WhoIs _Mja, 2018
"Congoleses use it too"

**
REPLY
7. Oumar B, 2018
"Cameroonians too"

**
REPLY
8. Georgia, 2018
"Ye kpa!!!!"

**
REPLY
9. Matipa Kombe, 2018
"In Zambia we say "Iye" "

**
REPLY
10. KazzaNorthside, 2019
"Ye wo"

**
REPLY
11. No Name, 2019
"@yanos95 not in my Caribbean islands. We say woi or woyoi not ye. Lol What island are you from?"

**
REPLY
12. Osho Eigbe, 2019
" 'Ye' is used by Yoruba people in nigeria only, Or non Yorubas that are familiar with the Yoruba people/language."

**
REPLY
13. Ant Nam, 2019
"Ye is Yoruba not the whole of Nigeria, but Yoruba culture influences all."

**
REPLY
14. Don Souza, 2019
"Not only Nigerians do the exclamation."

**
REPLY
15. Naija guy, 2019
"another example is the olamide's song "motigbana" probably the best example of the exclamation been used ."

**
REPLY
16. Fatoumata Bah, 2019
"@Matipa Kombe In Guinea we say the same thing too, well fulani people anyway"

**
REPLY
17. No Bad, 2019
"Like yikes ! Or OMG"

**
REPLY
18. INDIGO, 2019
"It is similar to what is said in Ghana
Ghanaians say Eei to express shock or excitement.
Good to know that"

**
REPLY
19. Paul Norix, 2019
"Ye pa, gbese re o"

**
REPLY
20. Akin Akinsanya, 2019
"You can substitute ye for WTF in some instances."

**
REPLY
21. Traore Assinatou, 2019
"IAmATanker TheTankerIsMe it isn’t just nigerian but all of the Africa ❤️"

**
REPLY
22. The Boss ManTing, 2019
"Africa and Carribeans"

**
REPLY
23. Lolawofhhgt #, 2019
"Ivory Coast too🇨🇮"

**
REPLY
24. Ruth gebreyes, 2019
"Ethiopia we say weYE Lmaoo close enough"

**
REPLY
25. TheLaLa0077, 2019
"basically west africans use it..."

**
REPLY
26. Ant Nam, 2019
"All of a sudden everyone wants to be included, but if its negative, they will say its those Nigerians, don't groups us all together. YE!!!!!"

**
REPLY
27. Chelly Quamie, 2019
"Osho Eigbe it is also used in Caribbean islands as it was Yoruba people who were stolen and brought to these islands."

**
REPLY
28. Kay AK, 2019
"I think we found the unifying anthem. I have heard many people use the expression "Ye"- Nigerians, Ghanaians, Cameroonians & Jamaicans. My mom usually follows this with 🙆🏿‍♀‍"Ewurade" ...which makes "Ye! Oh my God! ", I think. Absolutely love this song!"

**
REPLY
29. ines M., 2019
"In Congo sqme expression but Hé"

**
REPLY
30. Juste Moi, 2019
"Malian too"

**
REPLY
31. rachel bello, 2019
"LOL to everyone in the comments who are saying not only Nigerians, not only Nigerians.. its is literally a word from the YORUBA ppl of Nigeria and is popular al throughout our country. Other countries may know it because it’s used so frequently, but it is a Nigerian word luvs looool"

**
REPLY
32. rachel bello, 2019
"Traore Assinatou Traore Assinatou it is literally a word derived from a tribe in Nigeria... you guys just decide to use it. Which is fine, but y’all need to stop sayin it isn’t just for Nigerians."

**
REPLY
33. Zuba Dambal, 2019
"We use too from Ethiopia 🇪🇹 yeee ,heee ,haaa etc all my black fans are using it anyway" "

****
ADDENDUM- INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORD "YE" FROM NAIJALINGO.COM

From http://naijalingo.com/words/ye-pa
"Ye pa
Definition:Yikes!
Example: Yepa yawa don gas means there's a problem"

****
From http://naijalingo.com/words/yeee

"Yeee
Definition:Exclamation, usually negative
Example: Yeee, my leg dey pain me oh.
Synonyms: ehn”

****
This concludes Part III of this three part pancocojams series.

Thanks for visiting pancocojams.

Visitor comments are welcome.

Sunday, July 29, 2018

Words For "Yes" And "No" In Various African Languages (with brief information about those languages)

Edited by Azizi Powell

This pancocojams post provides information about various African languages and information about the words for "yes" and "no" in those languages.

The content of this post is presented for linguistic, cultural, and educational purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post.

****
DISCLAIMER:
This compilation is not intended to be a complete listing of words for "yes" and "no" in all of the African traditional languages.

This compilation also isn't meant to be a resource for how these words are pronounced.

This compilation doesn't include French, Portuguese, English, Spanish, or any Pidgin/Creole languages which are also spoken in certain African nations. Some traditional African languages aren't included in this compilation because I couldn't find the words for "yes" and "no" in those languages.

Additions and corrections are very welcome.

****
INFORMATION ABOUT VARIOUS AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND THE WORDS FOR "YES" AND "NO" IN THOSE LANGUAGES
Pancocojams Editor's Note:
With the exception of the Amazigh language, these languages are given in alphabetical order based on the name that is commonly used for that language in the United States (for example, "Swahili" is listed and not "KiSwahili" and "Zulu" is listed and not "IsiZulu").

I've identified a link for the brief excerpt about each language, but usually haven't included the online link or links for the information that I retrieved from online sources about the words "yes" and "no" in those languages. That retrieved information is given after the brief quote as indicated by "snip".

****
AKAN
Read the entries for Fante and Twi that are found below.

****
AMAZIGH (BERBER)
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages
"The Berber languages, also known as Berber or the Amazigh languages[2] (Berber name: Tamaziɣt, Tamazight; Neo-Tifinagh: ..., Tuareg Tifinagh ...), are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They comprise a group of closely related dialects spoken by the Berbers, who are indigenous to North Africa.[3] The languages were traditionally written with the ancient Libyco-Berber script, which now exists in the form of Tifinagh.[4]

Berber is spoken by large populations of Morocco, Algeria and Libya, by smaller populations of Tunisia, northern Mali, western and northern Niger, northern Burkina Faso and Mauritania and in the Siwa Oasis of Egypt. Large Berber-speaking migrant communities, today numbering about 4 million, have been living in Western Europe, spanning over three generations, since the 1950s. The number of Berber people is much higher than the number of Berber speakers. The bulk of the populations of the Maghreb countries are considered to have Berber ancestors.[5]”...
-snip-
Berber [Yes] "Ih"; [No] "Uhu"

****
AMHARIC
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic
"Amharic... is one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages, which are a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas and as a lingua franca by other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia. The language serves as the official working language of Ethiopia, and is also the official or working language of several of the states within the federal system.[9] With 21,811,600 total speakers as of 2007, including around 4,000,000 L2 speakers, Amharic is the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic.[10]"...
-snip-
Amharic: [Yes] "Awo"; "Aye"; [No] "Aydelem"

****
ARABIC
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic
"Arabic... is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world.[

[...]

Native to Countries of the Arab League, minorities in neighboring countries and some parts of Asia, Africa, Europe
-snip
Arabic: [Yes] "Na’am"; [No] "La"
-snip-
From https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-say-%E2%80%9Cyes%E2%80%9D-in-Arabic
"Zora O'Neill, Author of "All Strangers Are Kin: Adventures in Arabic and the Arab World"
Answered Mar 24, 2017
Arabic has a written form that is standard across the Arab world. In the written language, na’am (نعم) is the word for ‘yes.’

But across the Arab world, there are dozens of spoken Arabic dialects, and most people will say ‘yes’ in a different way, depending on what dialect of Arabic they speak.

For example, Egyptians commonly say aywa (أيوا), often just shortened to ah. In Lebanon, people usually say eh or ay."

****
BAMBARA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language
"The Bambara (Bamana) language, Bamanankan, is a lingua franca and national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, natively by 5 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of Mali speak Bambara as a first or second language.”...
-snip-
[Yes] "Awɔ"; [No] "Ayi"

****
BEMBA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_language
"The Bemba language, ChiBemba (also Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba and Chiwemba), is a major Bantu language spoken primarily in north-eastern Zambia by the Bemba people and as a lingua franca by about 18 related ethnic groups, including the Bisa people of Mpika and Lake Bangweulu, and to a lesser extent in Katanga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Botswana. Including all its dialects, Bemba is the most spoken indigenous language in Zambia.[4] The Lamba language is closely related and some people consider it a dialect of Bemba."...
-snip-
Bemba: [Yes] "Ee"; [No] "Awe" , "Iyoo"

****
C, D
CHEWA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewa_language
"Chewa....also known as Nyanja ... is a language of the Bantu language family. The noun class prefix chi- is used for languages,[4] so the language is usually called Chichewa and Chinyanja (spelled Cinyanja in Zambia, and Cinianja in Mozambique). In Malawi, the name was officially changed from Chinyanja to Chichewa in 1968 at the insistence of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (himself of the Chewa tribe), and this is still the name most commonly used in Malawi today.[5] In Zambia, Chewa is spoken by other people like the Ngoni and the Kunda, so a more neutral name, Chinyanja '(language) of the lake' (referring to Lake Malawi), is used instead of Chichewa."...
-snip-
Chewa: [Yes] "Ee", "Eya", "Inde"; [No] "Ayi", "Iyayi"

****
E, F
EWE
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language
"Ewe... is a Niger–Congo language spoken in southeastern Ghana by approximately 6–7 million people as either the first or second language.[6] Ewe is part of a cluster of related languages commonly called Gbe; the other major Gbe language is Fon of Benin. Like many African languages, Ewe is tonal."...
-snip
[Yes] "Eeh"; "E. (ay)" ; [No] "Awo"; "Ao"

****
FANTE
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante_dialect
"Fantse (Mfantse, Fante, Fanti) is one of the three formal literary dialects of the Akan language. It is the major local dialect in the Central Region of Ghana as well as in settlements in other regions from mid to southern Ghana."...
-snip-
Fante: [Yes] "Oho"; [No] "Nyew"
-snip-
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_language
"Akan... is a Central Tano language that is the principal native language of the Akan people of Ghana, spoken over much of the southern half of that country, by about 58% of the population, and among 30% of the population of Ivory Coast.

Three dialects have been developed as literary standards with distinct orthographies: Asante, Akuapem (together called Twi), and Fante, which, despite being mutually intelligible, were inaccessible in written form to speakers of the other standards."
-snip-
Read the entry for Twi below.

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FULA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language
"Fula..., also known as Fulani… or Fulah…(Fula: Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; French: Peul), is a language spoken as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 20 countries in West and Central Africa. Along with other related languages such as Serer and Wolof, it belongs to the Senegambian branch within the Niger–Congo languages, which does not have tones, unlike most other Niger–Congo languages. More broadly, it belongs to the Atlantic geographic grouping within Niger–Congo. It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe) from the Senegambia region and Guinea to Cameroon and Sudan and by related groups such as the Toucouleur people in the Senegal River Valley. It is also spoken as a second language by various peoples in the region, such as the Kirdi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria."
-snip-
Fula: [Yes] "Ohoo"; "Eh"; [No] "Kay", "Na non"

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G, H
GA (Gã)
From https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ga.htm
"Ga is a member of the Kwa branch of Niger-Congo languages. It is spoken in Ghana by about 600,000 people, particular in the southeast of the country around the capital, Accra."...
-snip-
Ga: [Yes] "hεε,εhεε"; [No] "daabi"

****
HAUSA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language
"Hausa... is the Chadic language (a branch of the Afroasiatic language family) with the largest number of speakers, spoken as a first language by some 27 million people, and as a second language by another 20 million. The total numer [sic] of Hausa speakers as of 2018, totals about 150 million people.[4] The ancestral language of the Hausa people, one of the largest ethnic groups in Central Africa, Hausa is commonly spoken throughout southern Niger and northern Nigeria. It has developed into a lingua franca across much of Western Africa for purposes of trade.

[...]

Native to Niger, Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Togo and Sudan."...
-snip-
Hausa: [Yes] "Eh"; [No] "A'a"

****
I, J,
IGBO
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language
"Igbo ... is the principal native language of the Igbo people, an ethnic group of southeastern Nigeria. The language has approximately 24 million speakers, who live mostly in Nigeria and are primarily of Igbo descent...

[...]

Native to Nigeria
Region southeastern Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea"...
-snip-
Igbo [Yes] "Éey, Ëhh". (pronunciation: ey, AEH) ; [No] "Ḿbà" (pronunciation: IM-bah)

****
K, L
KIKUYU
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyu_language
"Kikuyu or Gikuyu (Gikuyu: Gĩkũyũ [ɣēkōjó]) is a language of the Bantu family spoken primarily by the Kikuyu people (Agĩkũyũ) of Kenya. Numbering about 7 million (22% of Kenya's population),[4] they are the largest ethnic group in Kenya.

[...]

Native to Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda"
-snip-
[Yes] "Niguo"; [No] "Asha"

****
KIMBUNDU
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu
"Kimbundu, or North Mbundu, one of two Bantu languages called Mbundu (see Umbundu), is the second-most-widely spoken Bantu language in Angola. It is concentrated in the north-west of the country"...
-snip-
Kimbundu: [Yes] "Kyene"; [No] "Kaná"

****
KINYARWANDA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyarwanda
"Kinyarwanda....; known as Igifumbira in Uganda) is an official language of Rwanda and a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by 12 million people in Rwanda, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjacent parts of southern Uganda (Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighbouring Burundi).[4]

Kinyarwanda is one of the four official languages of Rwanda (along with English, French and Kiswahili) and is spoken by almost all of the native population. That contrasts with most modern African states, whose borders were drawn by colonial powers and do not correspond to ethnic boundaries or precolonial kingdoms.[5]"...
-snip-
Kinyarwanda= [Yes] "Yego"; [No] "Oya"

****
LINGALA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala
"Lingala (Ngala) is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo, as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic. It has over 10 million speakers."...
-snip-
Lingala- [Yes] "Ee; [No] "Te"

****
LUBA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language
"Luba-Kasai, also known as Western Luba, Bena-Lulua, Ciluba/Tshiluba,[5] Luba-Lulua[6] or Luva, is a Bantu language (Zone L) of Central Africa and an official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, alongside Lingala, Swahili, and Kikongo.

An eastern dialect is spoken by the Luba people of the East Kasai Region and a western dialect by the Lulua people of the West Kasai Region."...
-snip-
[Yes] "Eyowa"; [No]; "Tòo"

****
LUGANDA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganda
"Luganda, or Ganda[1]... Oluganda [oluɡâːndá][5]), is one of the major languages in Uganda and is spoken by more than five million Baganda and other people principally in central Uganda, including the capital Kampala of Uganda. It belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger–Congo language family. ....

With about four million first-language-speakers in the Buganda region and a million others fluent elsewhere, it is the most widely-spoken Ugandan language. As a second language, it follows English and precedes Swahili.

Luganda is used in some primary schools in Buganda as pupils begin to learn English, the primary official language of Uganda. Until the 1960s, Luganda was also the official language of instruction in primary schools in Eastern Uganda."...
-snip-
Luganda: [yes] "Yee", "Mm", Weewawo; [No] Nedda

****
LUO
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_dialect
"The Luo dialect, Dholuo (pronounced [d̪ólúô][3]) or Nilotic Kavirondo (pejorative colonial term), is the eponymous dialect of the Luo group of Nilotic languages, spoken by about 6 million Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania,[4] who occupy parts of the eastern shore of Lake Victoria and areas to the south.

[...]

Native to Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan"...
-snip-
From http://economics.ozier.com/language/dholuo.html [with brackets added]
"[Yes], ee or duoko (Note that ee is also used in Luhya.)
{No], dawe (Note that dawe or tawe is also used in some Luhya dialects.)"

****
M, N
MALAGASY
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language
"Malagasy ... is an Austronesian language and the national language of Madagascar. Most people in Madagascar speak it as a first language as do some people of Malagasy descent elsewhere."...
-snip-
Malagasy: [Yes]"Eny"; [No] "Tsia"

****
MANDINKA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_language
"The Mandinka language (Mandi'nka kango), or Mandingo, is a Mandé language spoken by the Mandinka people of the Casamance region of Senegal, the Gambia, and northern Guinea-Bissau. It is one of principal languages of the Gambia.

Mandinka belongs to the Manding branch of Mandé, and is thus similar to Bambara and Maninka/Malinké. In a majority of areas, it is a tonal language with two tones: low and high, although the particular variety spoken in the Gambia and Senegal borders on a pitch accent due to its proximity with non-tonal neighboring languages like Wolof."...
-snip-
Mandinka: [Yes] "Ha"; [No] "Hani"

****
NDEBELE [Northern Ndebele]
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language
"Northern Ndebele (English: /ɛndəˈbiːliː/), also called Sindebele, Zimbabwean Ndebele[1] or North Ndebele,[4][5] and formerly known as Matabele, is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, spoken by the Northern Ndebele people, or Matabele, of Zimbabwe.

Northern Ndebele is related to the Zulu language, spoken in South Africa. This is because the Northern Ndebele people of Zimbabwe descend from followers of the Zulu leader Mzilikazi (one of Zulu king Shaka's generals), who left the Zulu Kingdom in the early 19th century, during the Mfecane, arriving in present-day Zimbabwe in 1839.

Although there are some differences in grammar, lexicon and intonation between Zulu and Northern Ndebele, the two languages share more than 85% of their lexicon. To prominent Nguni linguists like Anthony Cope and Cyril Nyembezi, Northern Ndebele is a dialect of Zulu. To others like Langa Khumalo, it is a language. Distinguishing between a language and a dialect for language varieties that are very similar is difficult, with the decision often being based not on linguistic but political criteria.[6][7][8][9]

Northern Ndebele and Southern Ndebele (or Transvaal Ndebele), which is spoken in South Africa, are separate but related languages with some degree of mutual intelligibility, although the former is more closely related to Zulu. Southern Ndebele, while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages.[10]"...
-snip-
Northern Ndebele: [Yes] "Yebo", "Ye"; {No] "Hayikhona", "hayi", "hayibo"

****
O, P
OROMO
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language
"Oromo .... is an Afroasiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa. It is the most widely spoken language in the family's Cushitic branch. Forms of Oromo are spoken as a first language by more than 24.6 million Oromo people and neighbouring peoples in Ethiopia and by an additional half million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya.[6] It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries such as South Africa, Libya, Egypt and Sudan. Oromo is a dialect continuum; not all varieties are mutually intelligible.

The native name for the Oromo language is Afaan Oromoo, which translates to "mouth (language) of Oromo". It was formerly known as Galla, a term now considered pejorative but still found in older literature."...
-snip-
Oromo: [Yes] "Ee, eeyyee"; [No] "Lakki"

****
Q, R

****
S, T
SHONA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_language
"Shona...(chiShona) is the most widely spoken Bantu language as a first language and is native to the Shona people of Zimbabwe. The term is also used to identify peoples who speak one of the Central Shona varieties: Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika and Korekore. Based on Clement Doke's 1931 report, Union Shona or Standard Shona was developed from the Central Shona varieties. Because of the presence of the capital city in the Zezuru region, that variety has come to dominate in Standard Shona.

The larger group of historically related languages (called Shona languages by linguists) also includes Ndau (Eastern Shona) and Kalanga (Western Shona), but speakers of those languages prefer their distinct identities and usually reject any connection to the term Shona.

[...]

Native to Zimbabwe, Mozambique"...
-snip-
Shona: [Yes] "Hongu"; [No] "Kwete"

****
SOMALI
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language
"Somali ... is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken as a mother tongue by Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora. Somali is an official language of Somalia, Somaliland,[7] a national language in Djibouti, and a working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. ... The Somali language is written officially with the Latin alphabet."...
-snip-
Somali: [Yes] "Haa"; [No] "Maya"

****
SOTHO
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesotho_language
"Sesotho (or Sotho…); also known as Southern Sotho or Southern Sesotho[5]) is a Southern Bantu language of the Sotho-Tswana (S.30) group, spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages, and in Lesotho, where it is the national language."...
-snip-
Sesotho: [Yes] "Eea"; [No] "Che"

****
SWAHILI
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language
"Swahili, also known as Kiswahili (translation: language of the Swahili people), is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people. It is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of eastern and south-eastern Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[7] Comorian, spoken in the Comoros Islands is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Swahili, though other authorities consider it a distinct language.”...
-snip-
From https://www.duolingo.com/comment/25743255/Swahili-yes-and-no
answered by ReaganEarl , 2018
[Yes] "Ndio"; [No] "La"

**
answered by Airport1, 2018
"[Yes] = "Ndiyo" ("Naam")
[No] = "Hapana" ("La")

the form for yes is spoken I guess just "dio" (correct me otherwise), while "hapana" for "no" is spoken like "habana", and "la" is the shorter arabic from, which is also used."

****
SWAZI
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazi_language
"The Swazi, Swati or siSwati language (Swazi: siSwati [siswatʼi]) is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Swaziland and South Africa by the Swazi people. The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 3 million. The language is taught in Swaziland and some South African schools in Mpumalanga, particularly former KaNgwane areas. Swazi is an official language of Swaziland (along with English), and is also one of the eleven official languages of South Africa.

Although the preferred term is "Swati" among native speakers, in English it is generally referred to as Swazi. Swazi is most closely related to the other "Tekela" Nguni languages, like Phuthi and Northern Transvaal (Sumayela) Ndebele, but is also very close to the "Zunda" Nguni languages: Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, and Xhosa."...
-snip-
Swazi: {Yes] "Yebo"; [No] "Cha"

****
TSWANA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_language
"The Tswana or Setswana language is spoken in Southern Africa by about five million people.[1] It is a Bantu language belonging to the Niger–Congo language family...

Tswana is an official language and lingua franca of Botswana. The majority of Tswana-speakers are found in the north of South Africa, where four million people speak the language and an urbanised variety which is part slang and not the formal Setswana, known as Pretoria Tswana, is the principal language of that city.

[...]
Native to Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia"...
-snip-
Tswana: [Yes] "Ee"; [No] "Nnyaa"

****
TWI
From Twi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twi
"Twi ... also known as Akan Kasa) is a dialect of the Akan language spoken in southern and central Ghana by about 6–9 million Ashanti people as a first and second language.[7][3] Twi is a common name for two former literary dialects of the Akan language; Asante (Ashanti) and Akuapem, which are mutually intelligible. There are about 9 million Twi speakers, mainly originating from the Ashanti Region[1][3] and about a total of 17–18 million Ghanaians as either first or second languages. Akuapem Twi was the first Akan dialect to be used for Bible translation, and became the prestige dialect as a result.[8] It is also spoken by the Southeastern people of Cote D'Ivoire.
-snip-
Twi: [Yes] "Aane" (ah-nay). [No] "Dabi" (dah-bee); "Daabi"

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TIGRINYA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language
"Tigrinya (often written as Tigrigna;... is an Afroasiatic language of the Semitic branch. It is mainly spoken by the Tigrayans in the highlands of Eritrea and in the Tigray Region of northern Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa. Tigrinya has around around 6,915,000 total speakers. Tigrinya speakers in Ethiopia (known as Tigrawot; feminine Tigrāweyti, male Tigraway, plural Tegaru) number around 4,320,000 individuals, and are centered in the northern Tigray Region. The Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea total roughly 2,540,000, and are concentrated in the southern and central highland areas. Tigrinya is also spoken by emigrants from these regions, including some Beta Israel.[5]

Tigrinya should not be confused with the related Tigre language. The latter language is spoken by the Tigre, who inhabit the lowland regions of Eritrea."...
-snip-
Tigrinya: [Yes] "U'weh"; [No] "Aykonen"

****
U, V

****
W, X
WOLOF
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolof_language
"Wolof ... is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people. Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof is not a tonal language...

It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language.[5]

Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. "Dakar-Wolof", for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic.

"Wolof" is the standard spelling and may refer to the Wolof people or to Wolof culture. Variants include the older French Ouolof and the principally Gambian Wollof, Jolof, jollof, etc., which now typically refers either to the Jolof Empire or to jollof rice, a common West African rice dish"....
-snip-
Wolof: [Yes] "Waaw", [No] "Déedéet", (Dedet)

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XHOSA
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_language
"Xhosa … or isiXhosa … is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants ("Xhosa" begins with a click) and one of the official languages of South Africa.[9] Although not widely spoken there, it is also an official language of Zimbabwe.[10] "Xhosa is spoken as a first language by 8.2 million people and by 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province.

[....]

Native to South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho"...
-snip-
Xhosa: [Yes] "Ewe"; [No] "Hayi"

****
Y, Z
YORUBA
From https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm
"Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá)

Yoruba is a member of the Volta-Niger branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. It is spoken by about 28 million people in southwest Nigeria, Benin, Togo, the UK, Brazil and the USA. It is one of the four official languages of Nigeria, along with English, Hausa and Igbo."...
-snip-
Yoruba: [Yes] "Bẹẹ ni" ("bẹẹni"); [No] "Bẹẹ kọ" ("bẹkọ"); "Ó ti"; "Ra ra"

****
ZULU
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language
"Zulu or isiZulu (Zulu: isiZulu) is the language of the Zulu people, with about 10 million speakers, the vast majority (over 95%) of whom live in South Africa. Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population.[5] It became one of South Africa's 11 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue,… it is the second most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Shona. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet."...
-snip-
Zulu: {Yes] "Yebo"; [No] "Cha"

****
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Visitor comments are welcome.




Monday, September 8, 2014

The Origins & Meanings Of The Word "Sambo"

Edited by Azizi Powell

This is Part I of a three part series on the word "sambo".

This pancocojams post focuses on the etymology (the origin and meaning) of the name "Sambo".

I've included a comment from a folk discussion forum about the Caribbean meaning of the word "sambo" and I've also included an excerpt of a critique of Helen Bannerman's 1899 book Little Black Sambo.  I've included that last excerpt because of the undeniable influence that book has had on cultural connotations about the name "Sambo".

Click http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sambo.aspx for information about the history of the "Sambo" stereotype.

Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2014/09/sambo-in-examples-of-songs-from-thomas.html for Part II of this series. Part II of this series presents examples of the name "Sambo" in songs/rhymes that are featured in Thomas W. Talley's 1922 book Negro Folk Rhymes: Wise & Otherwise.

Click http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2014/09/caribbean-folk-songs-include-word-sambo.html for Part III of this series. Part III showcases Caribbean folk songs that include the word "sambo".

These posts are presented for cultural and informational purposes.

All copyrights remain wth their owners.

Thanks to those who are quoted in this post.

****
DISCLAIMER: These posts aren't meant to imply that these are the only songs that include the word "sambo".

Also, I'm aware that the word "sambo" may be from more than one traditional African language. I'm also aware that the word "sambo" and the name "Sambo" may have different meanings in traditional African languages, aside from the meanings that were given that word outside of African cultures. Furthermore, I believe that it's also likely that the word "sambo" meaning "mixed racial" came from a different source than the personal name "Sambo".

****
MY COMMENTS ABOUT THESE SELECTED QUOTES
I've assigned numbers to these excerpts for referencing purposes, but must confess that I prefer the etymologies for the word "sambo" that are given in the first three excerpts than the etymology that is given in for that word in the Wikipedia excerpt which I assigned #4.

Excerpt #5 refers to the meaning of the word "sambo" in the Caribbean [as does a portion of Excerpt #1]

Excerpt #6 is from an critique of the 1899 book "Little Black Sambo".

****
VARIOUS QUOTATIONS ABOUT THE WORD "SAMBO"
Excerpt #1: From http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sambo
"sambo (n.2) stereotypical name for male black person (now only derogatory), 1818, American English, probably a different word from sambo (n.1); like many such words (Cuffy, Rastus, etc.) a common personal name among U.S. blacks in the slavery days (first attested 1704 in Boston), probably from an African source, such as Foulah sambo "uncle," or a similar Hausa word meaning "second son."

It could be used without conscious racism or contempt until circa World War II. When the word fell from polite usage, collateral casualties included the enormously popular children's book "The Story of Little Black Sambo" (by Helen Bannerman), which is about an East Indian child, and the Sambo's Restaurant chain, a U.S. pancake-specialty joint originally opened in Santa Barbara, Calif., in 1957 (the name supposedly from a merging of the names of the founders, Sam Battistone and Newell "Bo" Bohnett, but the chain's decor and advertising leaned heavily on the book), which once counted 1,200 units coast-to-coast. Civil rights agitation against it began in 1970s and the chain collapsed, though the original restaurant still is open. Many of the defunct restaurants were taken over by rival Denny's.

sambo (n.1) "person of mixed blood in America and Asia," 1748, perhaps from Spanish zambo "bandy-legged," probably from Latin scambus "bow-legged," from Greek skambos. Used variously in different regions to indicate some mixture of African, European, and Indian blood; common senses were "child of black and Indian parentage" and "offspring of a black and a mulatto."

****
Excerpt #2: From https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd4-3.html
Vol. IV, no. 3 (Summer 1997) Africa Update Archives
“African Languages and Ebonics" by Dr. Katherine Harris, Central Connecticut State University
..."It is nevertheless too simplistic to conclude that African Americans retained nothing of their multilingual heritage. One can look briefly at naming practices to find evidence of linguistic ties. For example, Juba, one of the day names given to a male child along the Guinea coast, was also a nickname given to a girl born on Monday in slave communities to describe "tomboy" (1620s-1800). The name Juba, which was fairly common among African men in the l7th and l8th centuries, was also the name of a region in modern Kenya/Somalia and Sudan.

The erosion of African names also occurred. Samba, meaning comfort in Wolof, is still recalled in musical form in Brazil, where there remains a strong African presence. A possible derivation of Samba is Zambo (Southern/Central Africa), which also means to give comfort. Other derivatives are Sambu in Mandinka and Sambo in Hausa. The fact that the name was at one time fairly common and no longer used may have relationship to a song popularized by white Americans during the war from 1861-1865, "Sambo's Right To Be Kilt," and especially the derogatory usage of the name enshrined in the book Little Black Sambo."

****
Excerpt #3
http://www.answers.com/topic/sambo-3 "Oxford Companion to African American Literature:
"Variants of the name Sambo can be found in several African cultures, including Samba in Bantu; Samb and Samba in Wolof; Sambu in Mandingo; and Sambo in Hausa, Mende, and Vai. Throughout census materials and assorted other eighteenth-century documents, these names emerge as those of new world slaves. The name also has possible Hispanic antecedents: the sixteenth-century word “zambo” refers to a bowlegged or knock-kneed individual.

By the late eighteenth century, whites had begun to use the name in a generic fashion to refer to male slaves. Before long, comic associations were commonplace; childishness, sloppiness, and a propensity to mispronounce multisyllabic words were the key traits of a Sambo figure. Such characters emerged in late eighteenth-century plays and sheet music, and became mainstays of nineteenth-century minstrelsy. By the time Helen Bannerman's The Story of Little Black Sambo was published in 1898, the name was thoroughly linked with the image of an immature, fun-loving, inept, black male."...

***
Excerpt #4: From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)
"The word "sambo" came into the English language from the Latin American Spanish word zambo, the Spanish word in Latin America for a person of mixed African and Native American descent.[2] This in turn may have come from one of three African language sources. Webster's Third International Dictionary holds that it may have come from the Kongo word nzambu (monkey). Note that the z of (Latin American) Spanish is pronounced like the English s rather than as the z in the word nzambu. The Royal Spanish Academy gives the origin from a Latin word, possibly the adjective valgus[3] or another modern Spanish term (patizambo,) both of which translate to "bow-legged".

The equivalent term in Portuguese-speaking areas, such as Brazil, is cafuzo.

Examples of "Sambo" as a common name can be found as far back as the 18th century. In Thackeray's novel Vanity Fair (serialised from 1847), the black skinned Indian servant of the Sedley family from Chapter One, is called Sambo. Similarly, in Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), one of Simon Legree's overseers is named Sambo. Instances of it being used as a stereotypical name for African Americans can be found as early as the Civil War. The name does not seem to have acquired the intentional, open derogatory connotation until the first half of the 20th century”...

****
Excerpt #5: From http://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=138244
Subject: RE: Lyr Add: Big Big Sambo Gyal (jamaica)
From:Q; Date: 11 Jun 11 - 10:37 PM
..."In notes with another "Sambo" song*, Walter Jekyll, 1904, remarks: "A Sambo is the child of a brown mother and a black father, being a cross between black and white. The Sambo lady, very proud of the strain of white in her blood, turns up her nose at the black man. She wants a white man for a husband. Failing to find one, she will not marry at all."
-snip-
* "Another "Sambo" song = another song that includes the word "sambo" other than the song "Big Big Sambo Gyal" which is the focus of that folk music forum's discussion thread. I'm not sure about the name of that other song. However, the lyrics for and comments about "Big Big Sambo Gyal" are included in Part III of this pancocojam series.

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Excerpt #6: http://people.lis.illinois.edu/~heinric3/514LBS/LittleBlackSambo5.html "Helen Bannerman's Little Black Sambo:
Critical Evaluation
"Sambo’s name also worked against him in the United States. Bannerman’s choice of the name Sambo was understandable in her setting. Although the content and context of the tale are decidedly Indian (tigers, ghi, the bazaar, curly but not kinky hair, and the Indian place of authorship), Bannerman biographer Elizabeth Hay believes the author consciously chose a name she knew was associated with Africans (161). But the name Sambo could easily have been a variant of Sambasivan, a common boys’ name for the Tamil ethnic group among whom the Bannermans lived in Madras (“Tamil Names”)....

In any case, uprooted from India and transplanted in American soil, the name turned out to be most inopportune. Sambo had become the generic name for a stereotyped, subservient, dim-witted African American male. As early as 1843, “Sambo” was the title character in the song “The Fine Old Color’d Gentleman” by Dan Emmett, founder of the first blackface minstrel troupe".
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I've also read the theory that the name "Sambo" in Helen Bannerman's book could have come from the name for the Indian god "Shiva"*. However, I agree with "Bannerman biographer Elizabeth Hay [that] the author consciously chose a name she knew was associated with Africans" in large part because Bannerman also used other African words as names in that book [i.e. Black Mumbo for Sambo's mother and Black Jumbo for Sambo's father]. She also wrote and had published other books that used names which "were associated with Africans". Read my comment below for more about this.
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*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva "The name Śambhu (Sanskrit: शम्भु), "causing happiness", also reflects this benign aspect [of Shiva].

Also, http://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/%C5%9Bambhu/index.html
"Śambhu, another common name or epithet of Śiva, has been compared with the Tamil chempu or Śembu meaning "copper," i.e. "the red metal."
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While the name "Sambo" and the name "Sambu" are spelled simiarly, they have different etymologies and meanings. I doubt that Helen Bannerman, the author of "Little Black Sambo" was alluding to Sambhu when she named that character "Sambo"..

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