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Sunday, March 17, 2024

"This Is Mali, West Africa (YouTube Video & Transcript About The The History & Current (2023) Conditions In Mali)"


Lifeder En, Jun 28, 2023

In this video we talk to you about Mali, a country located in the heart of West Africa, unique and fascinating for its history and culture. Its past as the center of ancient empires, such as the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire, has left a great historical and cultural legacy.

Despite its size and the difficulties posed by its desert and semi-desert environment, ethnic groups such as the Bambara, Fulani, Dogon and Tuareg live in Mali.

Desertification is affecting its arid and semi-arid lands, threatening agriculture and the livelihoods of its people. Tensions and conflicts in the north of the country, often linked to ethnic problems and the presence of extremist groups, have led to periods of instability.

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Edited by Azizi Powell

This pancocojams post showcase a 2023 YouTube video and its auto-generated English language transcript about the history and current conditions of Mali, West Africa.

The content of this post is presented for historical, cultural, and educational purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to Lifeder En for this video. Thanks also to YouTube's auto-generated transcript feature.
-snip-
Click https://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2024/03/malian-singer-songwriter-fatoumata.html for a related pancocojams post entitled "
(Malian Singer, Songwriter) Fatoumata Diawara featuring African American Singer Angie Stone- "Somaw" ("Family")".

****

AUTO-GENERATED TRANSCRIPT OF THIS VIDEO
(This transcript is given "as is" with time stamps and no corrections).

"THIS IS LIFE IN MALI: dangers, customs, life, tribes, what Not to do"
published by 
Lifeder En, Jun 28, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WikbTFUhhKM

0:00

Mali is the country of salt and gold one of the poorest nations in the world yet

0:07

it was a powerful Empire during the Middle Ages and one of the wealthiest individuals in Universal history ruled

0:13

these territories stay with me to learn about life in Mali its geography culture and much more

0:21

you'll learn very positive and amazing aspects of the country but others are a

0:27

bit more controversial and not as well known 1. Mali is considered one of the most

0:34

insecure countries in the world which is due to the presence of terrorist groups

0:39

gorillas and separatists on its territory with an armed conflict between

0:45

the North and South parts of the country in 2012 it experienced a coup that

0:51

overthrew president amadu tumani Toure the ensuing political chaos and the

0:58

weakness of the central government created a power vacuum in the North and

1:03

the Tuareg Rebel groups from the north seeking Independence or greater autonomy for their region

1:10

azawad sees the opportunity to launch a rebellion during the Tuareg Rebellion several

1:17

Islamic extremist groups such as al-Qaeda in the Islamic maghreb and ansardine took advantage of the

1:24

situation to also establish themselves in the north imposing a strict version of Islamic law

1:31

in 2013 at the request of the Malian government France launched a military intervention known as operation serval

1:39

to Halt the advance of the extremist groups and help recover lost territory

1:45

a peace agreement was signed in 2015 between the Mali government and some

1:50

Rebel groups including the Tua Reg despite liberating occupied cities the

1:57

French military presence could not end the violence and jihadist terrorism

2:02

remains a problem in both the Sahel and North Africa and Europe

2:09

2. According to some historians Musa the first of Mali popularly known as Mansa

2:16

Musa was the richest person in history he was the 10th Manza of the Mali Empire

2:22

translated as King of Kings or emperor at his time he was described as a young

2:29

man of brown color Pleasant face excellent appearance and extremely generous

2:36

Legend has it that on one of his trips he left so much gold to people that it

2:41

caused a rise in prices in the regions he passed through he inherited a prosperous Empire but his

2:49

efforts to promote trade turned it into the richest territory in Africa his immense personal Fortune came from

2:56

the vast reserves of salt and gold of his kingdom and from elephant ivory to

3:02

give you an idea this man could have had a fortune equivalent to 400 billion

3:09

current dollars one of his legendary eccentricities is

3:14

that on a pilgrimage to Mecca he made his country Famous by bringing along 12

3:20

000 slaves sixty thousand servants 80 camels carrying approximately 20

3:26

kilograms of gold each and building a mosque every Friday along his journey

3:34

3. the powerful Mali Empire was created by Sundiata keita in 1235.

3:42

he was the first Manza of the Empire until 1255.

3:47

his biography is known from the tales and Adventures that are told from generation to generation to our days

3:54

presenting him as one of mali's national heroes he was known for his tolerant and

4:01

advanced principles for the time as he did not support the death penalty and was a prominent promoter of Peace as a

4:09

monarch gold and salt mines were always the major sources of Imperial wealth

4:16

4. three significant Empires existed on the territory that is currently Mali

4:22

which controlled the trans-saharan trade in their heydays

4:27

we owe part of modern mathematics and astronomy to these ancient political

4:33

units the first of these was the Empire of Ghana originally named wagadu by its own

4:40

inhabitants it was renamed by Europeans and Arabs as

4:45

Ghana after the title of its king which means warrior king it existed between

4:51

the 8th and 13th centuries and was the first black Empire in West Africa today's Ghana was named in honor of the

4:59

ancient empire although it was not part of its territory the second was the Empire of Mali which

5:07

existed between the 13th and 17th centuries and from which the current name of this country derives it was

5:14

widely known for the generosity of its rulers most of whom were extremely rich during those times

5:21

and for the noticeable cultural influence it exerted in West Africa spreading its language laws and customs

5:29

through the Niger River the third and the most recent of all was

5:34

the Songhai Empire it existed for almost a century under different forms

5:39

coexisting with some of the previous ones in fact it was annexed for a time

5:45

to the Empire of Mali however between the 15th and 16th centuries it was one

5:50

of the largest Islamic empires in history 5. in 1893 Mali became a territory

5:58

dominated by France resulting in a political and economic Union that

6:03

culturally enriched Malian society and returned an important role to it in the

6:08

region a century later it joined Sudan to achieve independence from the European

6:14

power and in 1959 it became the Federation of Mali which included other

6:21

African territories since 1960 Mali has been an independent

6:27

state six today Mali is a sovereign state governed by a semi-presidential

6:34

republic under military Junta organized into 10 administrative regions with

6:41

Mining and agriculture as its main economic activities salt and gold continue to be two of the

6:48

country's most important natural resources in fact Mali is currently the third

6:54

largest producer of gold in Africa only after South Africa and Ghana in

7:00

agriculture its most important crop is cotton and livestock includes cattle and

7:06

camels more than 80 percent of malians work in subsistence farming and the sudden

7:12

changes that the country experiences have caused waves of temporary unemployment

7:18

another key activity is fishing in its rivers lakes and other freshwater

7:23

sources more than 200 species of fish live 7. in contrast to its Imperial past Mali

7:32

is now one of the poorest countries in the world despite being one of Africa's

7:38

leading producers of gold only a tenth of the country's inhabitants earn more than two dollars a day

7:45

while almost two-thirds can earn less than a dollar this means that almost half of malians

7:53

live below the poverty line due to various factors

7:58

firstly the Malian economy depends largely on mining and agriculture making

8:05

it vulnerable to International price changes and the climate on the other hand there is a low

8:11

literacy rate especially among women which limits job opportunities

8:17

in addition there is inadequate infrastructure for roads electricity and

8:23

irrigation systems coupled with a situation of conflict and violence and

8:28

desertification 8. about 3.5 million Millions have problems accessing water

8:35

especially in rural areas do in part to the fact that Mali is one of the hottest

8:41

places on the planet with 65 percent of its territory in the Sahara and Sahel

8:48

the main source of water is the Niger River but its flow very seasonally and

8:54

its quality can be affected by soil erosion when there are torrential rains there can be floods that create more

9:01

problems than Solutions another major issue that Mali has experienced with

9:06

water is contamination in the middle of the last decade the country suffered a

9:11

disastrous cholera outbreak which developed when numerous Health Centers were not functioning adequately due to a

9:19

lack of staff the malians themselves recommend that foreigners guard against diseases with

9:25

the phrase cook it peel it or forget it currently even fruit must be washed with

9:32

chlorinated water or other disinfection methods to avoid risks

9:37

however despite these challenges the situation has generally improved

9:43

compared to decades ago today 80 percent of mali's population has access to clean

9:49

water falling to 70 percent in rural areas

9:54

9. Mali is located in West Africa and is

10:00

the eighth largest country on the continent it shares borders with Algeria to the

10:06

north Niger to the east Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast to the South Guinea to the

10:14

southwest and Senegal and Mauritania to the West

10:19

its geography is diverse with different Landscapes and features it has three

10:24

very different zones the first is the Saharan Zone which extends in the north

10:31

of the country and is the most arid region the second is the Sahel not as

10:37

desertic located in the center of the country lastly the southern zone is where the majority of the population

10:43

lives as its climate and lands are more fertile and it is the most forested and

10:49

habitable area although Mali is largely flat there are several mountain ranges

10:55

the adurades efocas is located in the North near the border with Algeria while

11:02

the hamburi mountains including the impressive rock formation of the hand of

11:07

Fatima are in the center most of the Northern parts of the country lies within the Sahara Desert

11:14

one of the driest and most arid areas in the world in addition to this Geographic diversity

11:20

Mali is rich in natural resources such as gold uranium phosphates and Limestone

11:26

it also has several Natural Parks and protected areas such as the boucle

11:31

dubale national park and the gorma Wildlife Reserve 10. it is characterized by having a warm

11:40

and dry climate with typical temperatures of arid and desert regions from February to June it is hot and dry

11:47

from June to November on the other hand it is humid and temperate with frequent rains in the remaining months the

11:54

climate is cool and dry some of the hottest places are Timbuktu tagasa

12:01

taudani arawani GAO gidal and tessalit the City of cayes renowned as the

12:09

pressure cooker of Africa is known for its scorching temperatures throughout the year particularly in April when

12:17

maximum temperatures reach extreme levels in the Sahara the heat becomes even more

12:25

extreme with average maximum temperatures soaring in arawane during

12:31

June and reaching unprecedented levels in the taodani region during July

12:38

11. the Niger River is the third longest river in Africa it is of extreme

12:45

importance in fact without it the country would be practically

12:50

uninhabitable and filled with desert areas

12:55

the Niger River's inner Delta in the center of the country is an expanse of wetlands a result of seasonal flooding a

13:04

unique natural phenomenon that creates an oasis of Life amid the Arid surroundings with Incredible diversity

13:11

of Flora and Fauna including endangered species such as the African Manatee and

13:17

the desert elephant these seasonal floods of the Niger and

13:22

its tributaries allow for the practice of flood agriculture where Farmers plant

13:28

crops such as rice Millet and sorghum in addition the river is home to fish

13:35

that provide a crucial source of protein and employment through fishing

13:41

12. the African Manatee is one of the endangered animal species in West Africa

13:48

it is estimated that less than 10 000 specimens remain in coastal Waters and

13:53

estuaries of various African countries including Mali where it inhabits the Niger River

13:59

these animals are also known as sea cows characterized by large rounded bodies

14:06

with a paddle-shaped snout and a flattened caudal fin

14:11

in the past African manatees led a quite Placid life they fed on aquatic plants

14:18

and thanks to their size didn't have many natural Predators human presence

14:24

was limited in the area which allowed them to live in relative tranquility

14:29

however over time the situation of the African manatees has drastically changed

14:35

due to population growth agricultural expansion increased fishing and the

14:41

construction of dams and development projects that have altered their habitat

14:48

13. another unique and threatened species that inhabits Mali is the gorma

14:53

elephant a unique subpopulation of African elephants that inhabits the

14:59

gorma region a semi-desert area located in the Sahel between the Niger River and

15:05

the bandiagara mountains these elephants have adapted to the extremely arid conditions of the area

15:12

developing a nomadic lifestyle and traveling long distances in search of

15:17

food and water but the situation of this subspecies has

15:22

worsened over the years and is worrisome due to several factors mainly poaching

15:28

desertification and the armed conflicts that I have already told you about it is

15:33

estimated that currently only about 350 individuals remain 14. bamako is the

15:40

capital and the largest city of Mali with an estimated population of about 3

15:45

million people it's hard to compare it to other world capitals but some

15:50

Travelers who have visited it say it's one of the most authentic African capitals

15:56

it is located on the banks of the Niger River on which you can take a cruise to

16:02

learn more about the local culture it's a great place for those who wish to explore the local markets to buy

16:09

traditional crafts and enjoy the Lively Malian music another thing you can enjoy

16:15

on its streets are the marquis small bars with a pleasant atmosphere where locals gather on weekends

16:23

the name bamako translates from the Bambara language as crocodile River in

16:29

the area there are many crocodiles three of these reptiles are even represented in the coat of arms of the capital

16:37

15. Molly uses the West African CFA Franc as its official currency shared by

16:44

eight African countries and pegged to the euro at a fixed rate at 655 CFA

16:51

francs per Euro the currency is managed by the Central Bank of West African States and in

16:58

addition to being used in Mali it is used in Benin Burkina Faso Ivory Coast

17:04

Guinea bissau Niger Senegal and Togo 16.

17:09

Timbuktu is an important historical City in Mali located on the southern edge of

17:15

the Sahara and near the Niger River it was founded in the 11th century by the

17:20

tourags and over time it became a cultural and Trade Center for Ivory gold

17:26

spices and salt at its peak it was also a prominent Center of Islamic teaching

17:32

and learning attracting Scholars poets and philosophers from all over Africa

17:38

the University of sankore founded in the 14th century was one of the most

17:43

relevant teaching institutions in West Africa known for its large collection of

17:48

manuscripts in 1591 Timbuktu was conquered by the Morocco sodium

17:55

sultanate leading to the city's decline as a cultural and Commercial Center

18:00

over the subsequent centuries it experienced a series of invasions and occupations by different powers

18:07

including French colonial rule in the 19th century

18:12

Timbuktu is famous for its Rich Adobe architecture which includes the jingare

18:18

bear great mosque made of earth wood fiber other organic materials and a

18:24

small portion of limestone 17. the great Mosque of Janae in the

18:30

center of Mali is a must-visit structure it's a fascinating construction that

18:37

dominates most postcards from this African country the world's largest

18:42

Adobe building it is also the largest building made

18:47

from this material in one piece the building has been destroyed and

18:52

rebuilt several times being made of adobe it rapidly deteriorates due to

18:58

rain and humidity some past Malian rulers considered it

19:03

too luxurious leaving it in neglect without investing in it its current

19:09

structure dates back to 1907 and was built on the ruins of the previous mosque

19:15

the Janae Community actively participates in maintaining the mosque holding an annual Festival in its honor

19:23

it includes music and traditional food and the main objective is to repair the

19:28

damage from the past Year's rain and humidity in the days leading up to the festival

19:35

plaster is prepared in a pit as it needs to be stirred constantly children

19:40

usually do it seeing it as a game 18. Mali is located in the transition

19:48

zone between the Sahara Desert and the Sahel Savannah making the country prone to sandstorms also known as haboobs

19:57

they are driven by strong winds that lift large amounts of sand and dust

20:03

reaching high speeds and Lasting from a few minutes to several hours

20:10

they can cause visibility problems and hinder ground and Air transport affect

20:16

air quality and cause respiratory problems especially for people with asthma or other lung diseases

20:24

19. north of bamako is the country's largest national park and Reserve buklay

20:32

de ballay National Park which extends between cebi and Kita approaching the

20:38

border with Mauritania however the animal species living in

20:44

Mali are spread across different regions including the Sahara in the north the

20:51

Sahel in the center and the savannas and wetlands of the Niger in the South some

20:56

of the animals that live in the country are the West African giraffe or Niger giraffe the African elephant the

21:03

hippopotamus antelopes lions leopards cheetahs Buffalo Nile crocodiles hyenas

21:12

ostriches chimpanzees Dame gazelles addicts among others 20. Mount humbori

21:20

is a mountain in the mati region near the border with Burkina Faso it is the

21:27

highest point in Mali it has beautiful rock formations and exotic vegetation

21:33

and fauna showcasing the Wonders that African nature can offer

21:39

it is an important place for biodiversity in the Sahel with 150

21:45

different species of plants along with several incredible animal species such

21:50

as The Rock hyrax and the olive baboon it's an attractive place for

21:56

mountaineering visited by the most daring Travelers because as I will explain later if you visit Mali you face

22:04

certain dangers 21. the tomb of ostia located in the

22:10

city of gown is a strange 15th century edifice that stands out for its curious

22:15

shape resembling a stepped pyramid it is an example of mud construction

22:21

typical of West Africa and the Sahel its pyramidal Tower is one of the most

22:27

significant examples of the Grandeur of the Songhai Empire the complex includes the pyramidal tomb

22:35

two mosques a cemetery and a space for assemblies

22:40

It is believed that the Mortal remains of ostia Muhammad the first the first

22:46

emperor of the Songhai who reigned from 1464 to 1492 and expanded his

22:53

territorial domains through numerous battles are at rest here Legend has it

22:58

that during his pilgrimage to Mecca the emperor passed through Egypt and was fascinated by the beauty of the pyramids

23:05

upon his return he decided to build the tomb imitating this style

23:11

22. The bondiagara Cliffs land of the dogon in the south of Timbuktu is one of

23:18

the most outstanding places in Mali due to its cultural and Architectural

23:24

richness to walk along this long Cliff the presence of a guide who knows the area

23:30

is required it stretches from bangkas to duenza in

23:36

the heart of Dogan along the way he will encounter traditional dogon communities

23:41

clinging to the cliffs these dwellings are built from a mixture

23:47

of clay straw and cow or bulldung and they can hardly be seen from a distance

23:58

are the most recognized in this area 23. in Mali there are different ethnic

24:05

groups the largest with approximately 34 percent of the population are the

24:10

Bambara who are mainly found in the central region of Mali and speak the Bambara language the Fulani around 14

24:19

percent are usually Shepherds and are found throughout the country as well as

24:24

in other nations in West Africa in the west are 10 known for being good

24:31

Traders the sanufo also 10 and especially inhabiting the South are usually farmers

24:40

the malinke around nine percent are descendants of the Mali Empire and are

24:45

mainly in the west and southwest of the country also there are the dogon sunrise

24:51

Bobo and Touareg each of these ethnic groups has a language with Bambara being

24:57

the most spoken in Mali although the official language of the country is French inherited from the colonial era

25:04

24. the dogons are one of the ethnic groups with the most peculiar cultural

25:09

features such as masks and dances the kanaga is one of more than 70 masks

25:16

that exist used in a ritual dance when someone important dies

25:21

the olgon of the dogons is the spiritual and political leader of the village a

25:26

religious figure who lives alone and in celibacy and cannot be touched

25:32

the traditional dogon religion is a mixture of animism totemism and

25:37

Shamanism their cosmogony centers on the Creator God Amma who created the world

25:43

and all living creatures the dogon people also venerate their ancestors and

25:49

Spirits called Nomo supernatural beings associated with water and fertility in

25:56

addition some Dogan communities have adopted Islam or Christianity although

26:01

they usually practice it by combining it with their traditional beliefs and practices 25. the Touareg people are the nomadic

26:09

Berber ethnic group found in the Saharan and sahelian regions of West and North

26:15

Africa in Mali they are in the north particularly in the regions of kidal GAO

26:22

and Timbuktu they speak the tamashek language and have their own unique

26:27

script known as typina the toureg society is organized into various Clans

26:33

and tribes with a hierarchical social structure that includes Nobles vassals and Artisans unlike other areas of Mali

26:41

they have practiced a decentralized system of government where each Clan or tribe is responsible for its own Affairs

26:47

which has partly influenced the various Touareg rebellions throughout history

26:53

the two areg are known for their distinctive attire particularly the toggle most are indigo-dyed turban which

27:00

covers the head and face this garment serves both practical and cultural purposes protecting from the Sun wind

27:08

and sand while also acting as a symbol of identity

27:13

the majority of the Touareg practice Islam which has been present in the region for centuries their

27:19

interpretation is characterized by a mix of Orthodox Islamic beliefs and local pre-islamic traditions and Customs 26.

27:27

polygamy is a common practice legal and culturally accepted in Mali especially

27:33

among the Muslim communities that make up approximately 90 percent of the country's population

27:40

a man is allowed to marry multiple women as long as he can fulfill certain

27:45

conditions such as treating all wives fairly and equitably Islamic law also

27:52

requires a man to be capable of maintaining and protecting all his wives and their families

27:59

being married to several women is a symbol of social status and wealth these

28:04

men are considered powerful Rich successful and prestigious for having a

28:10

family in the eyes of malians and people from other African countries there are

28:15

advantages to polygamy among them that it can be helpful to divorced or widowed

28:20

women who find new protection housing and resources in any case not all Malian

28:27

men choose to have multiple wives either for love economic reasons or to avoid

28:33

cohabitation problems 27. Molly has one of the youngest populations on the

28:39

planet the median age of the population is 16 years compared with the global

28:44

median age of 30 years about 67 percent of its population is under 25 years old

28:51

and the predominant age range is from zero to four years old encompassing 18

28:57

percent of people one of the causes of this country's fertility rate one of the highest in the

29:03

world with an average of 5.4 births per woman the life expectancy is one of the lowest

29:11

in the world the average Malayan person is expected to live to 60 years

29:17

28. due to its young population and the country's high fertility rate mali's

29:24

historic and future population growth projections are impressive in 1960 the population barely exceeded 5

29:34

million people today there are about 23 million and

29:39

calculation suggests that in about 20 or 30 years this number will have doubled

29:45

with almost 50 million people 29. male circumcision is a common

29:51

practice in Mali especially among Muslim communities where it is performed for

29:56

religious cultural and hygienic reasons usually in a festive and ritual setting

30:03

also practiced is a much more controversial activity female genital

30:08

mutilation known as cutting this is a practice that remains very prevalent in

30:14

the country especially by the dogon ethnic group in this Society it is considered that a

30:21

woman who has not been mutilated is impure and therefore it is likely that

30:26

she will have difficulty getting married and will be a victim of social exclusion all her life to this day Molly is one of

30:33

the few African countries that does not have laws that expressly prohibit this practice only doctors are not allowed to

30:41

perform it it is estimated that 9 out of 10 million girls have undergone this

30:47

practice similarly when women menstruate they are considered impure they are socially

30:54

isolated for five days during which they take refuge in a hut specifically Built

31:00

For This purpose 30. Malian women play an essential role

31:06

in their families and communities but they also face numerous challenges including gender inequality and limited

31:13

access to Education Health Care and economic opportunities family plays a crucial part in the lives

31:21

of Millions with women typically shouldering much of the responsibility of maintaining the home and raising

31:27

children in rural areas they can also contribute to work in agriculture and Animal Care

31:33

traditional clothing for Malayan women includes garments like the boo-boo a tunic the pagnae a skirt and headscarves

31:43

31. marriage can be arranged it's legal from the age of 16 for girls and 18 for

31:50

boys parents or other family members can choose a spouse for their child based on

31:56

factors such as social status economic stability and compatibility between the

32:02

two families in these arranged marriages love is not the most important thing but it can

32:09

develop over time in the marital Life religion also plays an important role in

32:14

romantic relationships pre-marital relationships and sexual activity are

32:20

discouraged in Islam and couples are expected to marry before engaging in

32:25

intimate relations 32 in Mali lighter skin tones are often

32:31

considered more desirable possibly due to historical factors like European colonization and the influence

32:39

of Western media but this preference is not Universal and many malians prefer

32:45

their natural skin tones a curvier female body shape is usually preferred which is a sign of prosperity

32:52

health and fertility this differs from Western standards where more athletic

32:59

and thin bodies are preferred or from East Asian standards with more slender

33:04

and small shapes facial features like full lips and wide

33:10

noses may be seen as attractive 33. in Mali there are men called helis

33:17

or Grio who serve as storytellers accompanied by traditional music they

33:23

are the keepers of the country's spoken tradition and history but this role of storytellers is not

33:30

exclusive to men there are also women who serve as grios known as yelimusas

33:38

34. boo-boos are the typical clothing of the millions they are loose comfortable

33:45

and very colorful tunics worn in everyday life although it is a form of

33:51

dress associated with men the traditional female clothing in much of West Africa closely resembles the booboo

33:59

35. the national flag of Mali consists of three stripes green yellow and red

34:05

the green symbolizes the fertility of the land the yellow represents wealth

34:10

and brightness especially of gold and the red represents the Bloodshed during

34:15

the time of Independence 36 like other countries in the region

34:21

mali's food is characterized by intense flavors based on legumes vegetables

34:27

grains and to a lesser extent fish and meat jollof rice is cooked with tomatoes

34:33

peppers onions and spices with vegetables or fish sometimes added pyasa

34:39

is chicken or fish marinated in lemon juice spices and onions slow cooked and

34:45

served with rice is one of the national dishes made with chicken or lamb peanut butter chunks of

34:53

carrots and potatoes is Nile perch served with fried banana

35:00

rice and spicy chili sauce couscous is also common in Mali a mixture of water

35:06

and durum wheat semolina sometimes prepared with Millet barley sorghum corn

35:11

or rice 37. the bogalanfini or bogalan is a Malian handmade cotton cloth dyed

35:19

with fermented mud characterized by its Brown yellow and dark colors

35:25

it translates to Mud cloth other language studies suggest that it

35:31

actually refers to Slippery clay with large amounts of iron as the iron in the

35:36

clay will stain the Fabric's black it holds a significant place in the National culture and has become a symbol

35:43

of their identity it's increasingly appreciated internationally as it's currently exported to various parts of

35:50

the world for use in fashion Fine Arts and decoration the designs on the cloths are made

35:56

following patterns of fermented mud women usually wear them to match the tunics to cover their heads 38. like all

36:05

societies malians have their unique forms of entertainment for example they

36:10

love oware a curious board game native to West Africa which involves capturing

36:16

the opponent's pieces these pieces are almost always seeds to play it you need

36:22

an oware board and 48 seeds an oware board has two straight rows

36:29

with six holes called houses and can also bring a large scoring house at each

36:34

end the two players control the six houses on their respective side of the board

36:39

and the scoring house on their side the goal is to capture more seeds than

36:45

the other player since the game only has 48 seeds capturing 25 is enough to win

36:52

39. now let's talk about what you shouldn't do in Mali and other very important aspects to keep in mind if

36:59

you're traveling there firstly if you want to avoid risks you need to know that it's not advisable to

37:06

travel to Mali the current conflict and other aspects make it a country with little security

37:13

if you're a journalist going there for work or dare to go as a tourist bear in

37:18

mind that a problematic aspect is the absence of checkpoints on the roads which allows jihadist groups to move

37:26

freely if we have to divide the country by levels of security Southern Mali is the

37:32

least insecure the center is somewhat more insecure and the north is almost

37:37

inaccessible and highly insecure with a high risk of kidnappings and Highway assaults there's usually little

37:45

information about the possible attacks that occur due to the conflict so it's necessary to take preventive measures

37:51

such as not staying more than one night in insecure areas and always traveling with a local guide or a trusted person

37:58

who knows the areas you're visiting 40. now let's move on to customs and

38:04

ways of relating to people when greeting don't forget to shake hands you can also bring your right hand

38:10

to your chest as a sign of respect the hug is more common among friends and

38:16

slightly tilting your head is advised when greeting older people don't interrupt when speaking as it's

38:23

considered rude to give gifts things or receive them don't use your left hand always the

38:30

right one don't maintain overly direct eye contact especially with older people

38:35

don't feel annoyed by hearing somewhat loud music everywhere as it's part of

38:41

Malian culture bringing gifts to hosts can feel uncomfortable and is generally not

38:47

expected especially if there's no previous or trusting relationship

38:52

don't point at other people also don't photograph government or military

38:57

buildings or their employees other aspects to consider don't drink

39:02

tap water only bottled prepare to negotiate which is normal take

39:08

preventive malaria pills and pay close attention to your belongings about

39:14

religion be respectful especially in religious places avoid displays of

39:20

affection in public and dress modestly 41. some of the notable personalities

39:25

from Mali include Ali farca Toure one of the most famous African musicians who

39:31

fused traditional Malian music with the blues and other Western musical genres

39:39

was a politician and Military Man president of Mali in two terms and

39:45

leader of the democratic transition following the military coup of 1911. Salif cata is a singer known as the

39:53

golden voice of Africa omu sangarei is another singer one of

39:59

the most important female African voices known for her wazolu music style seidu

40:06

Kita was a prominent footballer who played for clubs such as Sevilla Barcelona and roma

40:13

I hope you have enjoyed learning about this fascinating country thank you for sticking around see you soon"

-snip-
Here are four corrections of words that are given in this transcript:
 

26:01 -"Tuareg" in English (although "
Touareg" may be correct in French)

33:17- "jelis" not "helis" 


34. "boubou" not "boo-boos"

39.59 =
"wassoulou" not "wazolu"


Also, in the United States "
bogalanfini" cloth is commonly known as "mudcloth". 

****
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